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Last update 08 May 2025

Toxoplasmosis, Ocular

Last update 08 May 2025

Basic Info

Synonyms

Eye infection toxoplasmal, Ocular Toxoplasmoses, Ocular Toxoplasmosis

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Introduction

Infection caused by the protozoan parasite TOXOPLASMA in which there is extensive connective tissue proliferation, the retina surrounding the lesions remains normal, and the ocular media remain clear. Chorioretinitis may be associated with all forms of toxoplasmosis, but is usually a late sequel of congenital toxoplasmosis. The severe ocular lesions in infants may lead to blindness.

Clinical Trials associated with Toxoplasmosis, Ocular

JPRN-jRCTs071180092

/ RecruitingPhase 2/3IIT

Efficacy and safety of pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine/folinate combination therapy for the treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis - Treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis with pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine

Start Date14 Apr 2020

Sponsor / Collaborator-

NCT02863588

/ TerminatedNot ApplicableIIT

Determination of Genetic Susceptibility in Severe Recurrences of Ocular Toxoplasmosis

Ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) is a major cause of visual impairment worldwide. OT is responsible for 30 to 50% of posterior uveitis. It is characterized by dormant infections that may reactivate without known reasons, causing severe irreversible visual loss. The overall recurrence rate of OT in Europe is greater than 80% for patients and may range from one episode to 11 episodes (1% of OT) in the most extreme cases. Current treatments do not reduce the risk of recurrences and the risk of toxoplasmosis recurrence cannot be predicted in these immunocompetent patients. These clinical and biological expression changes might be related to an individual genetic susceptibility of each patient. The advanced analysis of the entire genome now possible to consider the project.

Start Date30 Mar 2017

Sponsor / Collaborator

Les Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg

IRCT201702146568N2

/ RecruitingNot ApplicableIIT

Comparison of Azithromycin and Pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine Treatment in Ocular Toxoplasmosis

Start Date26 Feb 2017

Sponsor / Collaborator-

100 Clinical Results associated with Toxoplasmosis, Ocular

100 Translational Medicine associated with Toxoplasmosis, Ocular

0 Patents (Medical) associated with Toxoplasmosis, Ocular

1,112

Literatures (Medical) associated with Toxoplasmosis, Ocular

01 Jun 2025·American Journal of Ophthalmology

Clinical Characteristics Associated With Complications and Poor Visual Outcomes in Ocular Toxoplasmosis: Analysis of 853 Patients

Article

Author: Cifuentes-González, Carlos ; Durán, Claudia ; Rojas-Carabali, William ; Bustamante-Arias, Andrés ; Mejía-Salgado, Germán ; Cuevas, Miguel ; Pachón-Suárez, Diana Isabel ; de-la-Torre, Alejandra ; García, Sandra ; Rangel, Carlos M

PURPOSETo describe the clinical characteristics of ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) in Colombia and identify factors associated with ocular complications and poor visual outcomes.DESIGNMulticenter cross-sectional study.METHODSDemographic and clinical characteristics-including disease course, uveitis location (according to the Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature), type of inflammation (presumed granulomatous vs nongranulomatous), ocular complications (cataract, glaucoma, macular edema, retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, epiretinal membrane, and band keratopathy), and visual outcomes-were collected from patients with OT across seven ophthalmological centers in Colombia. A subgroup analysis included patients with documented lesion characteristics. Logistic regression, adjusted for age and sex, assessed factors associated with ocular complications (any of the complications above), moderate-to-severe vision impairment (BCVA <20/60 to >20/400 in the better-seeing eye), and blindness (BCVA ≤20/400 in the better-seeing eye).RESULTS853 OT patients (431 females, 422 males) were included, with a mean age of 38 ± 17.9 years. OT predominantly manifested as acute (57%), unilateral (79%), and nongranulomatous uveitis (78%). Sixty percent (512) had a final BCVA >20/60. Factors associated with ocular complications included age >50 (OR = 4.75; P < .001), retinochoroiditis with vitritis/AC inflammation (OR = 2.85; P < .001), presumed granulomatous uveitis (OR = 2.04; P < .001), persistent disease or early recurrences (sooner than 3 months) (OR = 3.24; P < .001), and recurrences first occurring after 3 months (OR = 1.79; P = .009). Blindness was linked to age <16 (OR = 1.94; P = .025), >50 (OR = 1.74; P = .001), bilateral involvement (OR = 1.53; P = .017), and zone 1 lesions (OR = 8.25; P = .015).CONCLUSIONOT in Colombia shows worse outcomes compared to other regions. Extreme ages, bilateral involvement, retinochoroiditis with vitritis/AC inflammation, and zone 1 lesions are major risk factors for complications and poor visual outcomes.

01 May 2025·British Journal of Ophthalmology

Clinical characteristics and optical coherence tomography features of ocular toxoplasmosis in HIV-positive patients: report 1

Article

Author: Kelagaonkar, Anup ; Testi, Ilaria ; Saldanha, Merlin ; Yediballi, Thorani ; Patel, Anamika ; Pathengay, Avinash ; Pavesio, Carlos

PurposeThis study aimed to identify the various clinical characteristics and ocular imaging features of ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) in HIV patients.MethodsObservational retrospective study of 52 eyes of 38 HIV patients with OT.Results68% of patients were male. 53.8% of eyes had keratic precipitates, anterior chamber cells were seen in 61.5%. 57.69% (n=30) eyes had de novo presentation of retinitis and 42.3% (n=22) of eyes had a retinochoroidal scar at presentation. Bilateral presentation was seen in 37% (n=14). Unifocal retinitis was noted in 38.4% (n=20) and 61.5% of eyes had multifocal (multizonal) retinitis (n=32). The most common multizonal involvement was noted in combined zone 1+2(n=14, 26.9%). The average horizontal and vertical measurements retinitis was 8.35 mm and 7.48 mm, respectively. The average area of retinitis was 66.2 mm2. Localised posterior vitreous detachment was seen in 83% of eyes and posterior hyaloid precipitates were noted in (n=7,39%) of eyes. Retinitis without retinal pigment epithelium elevation occurred in 88.8% of cases, compared with retinitis with retinal pigment epithelium elevation seen in 44.4% of eyes. 50% of eyes had thickened choroid beneath the retinitis lesion. Other unique signs of optical coherence tomography (OCT) noted were angular signs of Henle fibre layer hyper-reflectivity sign (n=1), halo lesions with central hypo (n=3) and choroidal excavation (n=1).ConclusionsOT in HIV patients presents with large, bilateral, multifocal retinitis, generally devoid of haemorrhages and can rarely have central clearing. These lesions may present with or without a previous retinochoroidal scar. These lesions have horizontal spread and may not always have thickened choroid on OCT.

01 Apr 2025·Ophthalmology and Therapy

Artificial Intelligence-Based Uveitis Diagnosis Through Retinal Vasculature Analysis: A Paradigm Shift in Ocular Tuberculosis

Article

Author: Quiros, Jose D Vargas ; Dik, Willem A ; Putera, Ikhwanuliman ; La Distia Nora, Rina ; van Hagen, P Martin ; Rombach, Saskia M

INTRODUCTIONDiagnosis of uveitis is complex and often requires a series of investigations. Here, we utilize artificial intelligence (AI) for the quantitative analysis of retinal vasculature parameters from fundus photographs to differentiate confirmed ocular tuberculosis (TB) from QuantiFERON (QFT)-positive uveitis without another identifiable cause and ocular toxoplasmosis.METHODSMedical records and stored fundus images of patients with uveitis from a cohort at the Department of Ophthalmology, University of Indonesia, were analyzed. Three groups of patients were included: confirmed ocular TB (group A), QFT-positive uveitis (group B), and ocular toxoplasmosis (group C). Fundus images were processed using the Retinalysis models package for segmentation and quantification of retinal vasculature parameters.RESULTSThe study included nine patients (13 eyes) in group A, 38 patients (48 eyes) in group B, and 26 patients (39 eyes) in group C. Significant differences were found in vein tortuosity parameter, in the eyes within group A showing lower tortuosity score compared to eyes within group B (p = 0.030) and group C (p = 0.013). The area under the curve (AUC) of vein tortuosity for group A compared to group B was 0.749 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.606-0.892), with a sensitivity of 67.3% and specificity of 76.9%. The AUC of vein tortuosity for group A against group C was 0.803 (95% CI: 0.658-0.948), with a sensitivity of 74.4% and a specificity of 84.6%. In group A, uveitis resolution and vein tortuosity tended to be normalized upon complete antitubercular treatment.CONCLUSIONSAI-based quantification of retinal vasculature parameters, particularly vein tortuosity, can differentiate confirmed ocular TB from QFT-positive uveitis and ocular toxoplasmosis. This approach shows promise for more precise diagnostic and therapeutic accuracy in ocular TB.

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