Columbia Basin College

The spread of grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) to vineyards planted with certified planting stock is of significant concern to grape growers. In this study, the spatial and temporal spread of GLD was examined in three vineyard blocks planted with virus-tested wine grape (Vitis vinifera) cultivars adjacent to vineyard blocks heavily infected with GLD in two geographic locations in eastern Washington State. During each season, the position of vines showing GLD symptoms was recorded in a matrix representing the planting lattice. Symptomatic vines were positive only for Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3), the most common virus species consistently associated with GLD in Washington vineyards. The results from multiple seasons showed a gradual increase in disease incidence over time in all three blocks. Spatial and temporal mapping of GLD indicated a disease gradient in which the highest percentage of symptomatic vines was in rows proximal to infected old blocks. Spatial autocorrelation analysis using Moran’s I values suggested random patterns of symptomatic vines in the three blocks during initial years, indicating primary spread of the virus not related to infected vines within the block. Clustering at the scale of neighboring vines during subsequent years suggested secondary spread within the block. Results of quadrat-based spatial analyses of GLD incidence were compared with previously reported data obtained from California and elsewhere for an improved understanding of the dynamics of GLD spread to facilitate area-wide disease management strategies.

The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced during cider fermentation, maturation, and dry hopping greatly impact enjoyment of the final product.To investigate the effect of apple variety on VOC development in cider, five apple varieties were picked from two orchards in southwest Colorado.Each apple variety was juiced, fermented with Lalvin QA23 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, dry-hopped with Citra hops, and analyzed sep. alongside non-dry hopped controls.The aroma attributes of these historical southwest Colorado apples have never been explored, and few studies have chem. profiled the aromas of dry-hopped cider.A total of 73 VOCs were identified using headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) from fruit juice to cider.Et esters, acetate esters, higher alcs., and terpenes were the major aroma contributors observed in dry-hopped cider.The identity and concentrations of VOCs varied greatly between apple varieties, with only 24 common VOCs detected in all samples studied.This indicates the importance of apple variety choice in tuning the aroma profile of the finished cider.This method can be used to more effectively evaluate orchard or cider production treatments on cider quality.This case study also provides practical information for cider makers seeking to improve the quality of their products through consideration of fruit variety and dry hopping.

Sex trafficking often goes unrecognized, yet is a pervasive issue that disproportionately affects marginalized populations. Survivors suffer adverse health effects and often present to health care facilities while still under control of their traffickers. Health care providers, including nurses and advanced practice nurses, lack understanding of risk factors, signs and symptoms, and means of offering assistance. A comprehensive literature search was conducted utilizing EBSCOhost and WorldCat. Studies were considered eligible for inclusion if subject matter dealt directly with domestic sex trafficking and included implications for health care or health care education. There are some identified risk factors that place people at higher risk for victimization and survivors may present for care with a common symptom, including physical and mental health issues. Barriers to care include both survivor and health care system characteristics; however, health care providers can undertake specific actions to help overcome these barriers. Health care providers are in a prime position to identify and assist sex trafficking survivors. However, they need to be aware of common risk factor presentations, and they need to be trained to offer assistance. Ongoing research is needed to determine the best way to develop, introduce, and evaluate these trainings.