SRM

Last update 08 May 2025

Basic Info

Synonyms

Putrescine aminopropyltransferase, SPDSY, spermidine synthase

+ [3]

Introduction

Catalyzes the production of spermidine from putrescine and decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine (dcSAM). Has a strong preference for putrescine as substrate, and has very low activity towards 1,3-diaminopropane. Has extremely low activity towards spermidine.

100 Clinical Results associated with SRM

100 Translational Medicine associated with SRM

0 Patents (Medical) associated with SRM

491

Literatures (Medical) associated with SRM

31 Dec 2025·Gut Microbes

Uncovering de novo polyamine biosynthesis in the gut microbiome and its alteration in inflammatory bowel disease

Article

Author: Xiao, Xia ; Wu, Biyu ; Wang, Shengnan ; Zhou, Yixuan ; Li, Xinwei ; Deng, Pan

Polyamines are important gut microbial metabolites known to affect host physiology, yet the mechanisms behind their microbial production remain incompletely understood. In this study, we developed a stable isotope-resolved metabolomic (SIRM) approach to track polyamine biosynthesis in the gut microbiome. Viable microbial cells were extracted from fresh human and mouse feces and incubated anaerobically with [U-¹³C]-labeled inulin (tracer). Liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry analysis revealed distinct ¹³C enrichment profiles for spermidine (SPD) and putrescine (PUT), indicating that the arginine-agmatine-SPD pathway contributes to SPD biosynthesis in addition to the well-known spermidine synthase pathway (PUT aminopropylation). Species differences were observed in the ¹³C enrichments of polyamines and related metabolites between the human and mouse microbiome. By analyzing the fecal metabolomics and metatranscriptomic data from an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) cohort, we found significantly higher polyamine levels in IBD patients compared to healthy controls. Further investigations using single-strain SIRM and in silico analyses identified Bacteroides spp. as key contributors to polyamine biosynthesis, harboring essential genes for this process and potentially driving the upregulation of polyamines in IBD. Taken together, this study expands our understanding of polyamine biosynthesis in the gut microbiome and will facilitate the development of precision therapies to target polyamine-associated diseases.

01 May 2025·Plant Physiology and Biochemistry

Silicon alleviates aluminum-induced inhibition of photosynthetic and growth attributes in rice by modulating competitive pathways between ethylene and polyamines and activating antioxidant defense

Article

Author: Li, Yushan ; Liu, Shaohua ; Zhang, Zhenhua ; Li, Yongjie ; Jiang, Dexing ; Han, Hongwei ; Chen, Guoxiang ; Ou, Ying ; Xu, Hui ; Sheng, Yage

Silicon (Si) has been reported to mitigate aluminium (Al³⁺) toxicity in rice; however, the mechanism underlying this beneficial effect has not been fully elucidated. In this study, Si addition increased the total level of both free and conjugated putrescine (Put) content in rice leaves by 89.3 % through up-regulation of the key synthesis genes in both of arginine decarboxylase (ADC) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) pathways under Al stress. The production of total Put increased by 10.3 % under Si treatment but decreased by 11.7 % under Al treatment compared to the control. Similarly, Si increased total spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) levels by 154.9 % and 83.5 %, respectively, through up-regulation of S-adenosyl-Met-decarboxylase genes (SAMDC1 and SAMDC2), spermidine synthase genes (SPDS1 and SPDS2), and spermine synthase gene (SPMS) under Al stress. Compared with Al treatment alone, Si significantly increased the levels of free, conjugated and total polyamines (PAs) in leaves under Al stress by 106.1 %, 86.6 % and 99.3 %, respectively. The increase of PAs induced by Si maintained redox balance and improved photosynthetic capacity, ultimately increasing rice growth by 28.6 % under Al stress. Conversely, Si reduced Al-induced increase in 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) content and ethylene production by 23.9 % and 43.8 %, respectively, through down-regulation of ACC synthase genes (ACS1 and ACS2) and ACC oxidase ACO genes (ACO1 and ACO4). In addition, Si mitigated the Al-induced oxidative damage by reducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through activation of enzymatic (superoxide dismutase and catalase) and non-enzymatic (ascorbate-glutathione cycle) antioxidant defence systems. We therefore propose that Si attenuates Al-induced damage on rice photosynthetic apparatus by modulating competitive interactions between ethylene and PA biosynthesis and activating ROS scavenging capacity.

01 Apr 2025·Plant Science

Unveiling the novel role of spermidine in leaf senescence: A study of eukaryotic translation factor 5A-independent and dependent mechanisms

Review

Author: Paluch-Lubawa, Ewelina ; Arasimowicz-Jelonek, Magdalena ; Popławska, Kinga ; Sobieszczuk-Nowicka, Ewa

Senescence is a crucial and highly active process in plants, optimising resource allocation and promoting phenotypic plasticity under restricted conditions. It involves global metabolic reprogramming for the organised disintegration and remobilization of resources. Polyamines (PAs) are polycationic biogenic amines prevalent in all eukaryotes and are necessary for cell survival. The commonly used PAs in plants include putrescine, spermidine, and spermine. Notably, the leaf's expression of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and spermidine synthase gene family transcripts significantly changes during senescence. This suggests these genes are critical in spermidine metabolism and may condition metabolic reprogramming. One key role of spermidine in eukaryotes is to provide the 4-aminobutyl group for the posttranslational modification of lysine in eukaryotic translation factor 5A (eIF5A). This modification is catalysed by two sequential enzymatic steps leading to the activation of eIF5A by converting lysine to the unusual amino acid hypusine. Although eIF5A is well characterised to be involved in the translation of proline-rich repeat proteins and other hard-to-read motifs, the biological role of eIF5A has recently been clarified only in mammals. It could be better described at the plant functional level. The expression patterns of eIF5A isoforms and genes encoding machinery responsible for hypusination, differ between induced and developmental leaf senescence. In this paper, we summarise the existing knowledge on spermidine-dependent senescence control mechanisms in plants, raising the possibility that spermidine could be an element of a biological switch controlling the onset of a different type of senescence in an eIF5A-independent and dependent manner.

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