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Last update 08 May 2025

Immersion Foot

Last update 08 May 2025

Basic Info

Synonyms

Feet, Immersion, Feet, Trench, Foot, Immersion

+ [26]

Introduction

A condition of the feet produced by prolonged exposure of the feet to water. Exposure for 48 hours or more to warm water causes tropical immersion foot or warm-water immersion foot common in Vietnam where troops were exposed to prolonged or repeated wading in paddy fields or streams. Trench foot results from prolonged exposure to cold, without actual freezing. It was common in trench warfare during World War I, when soldiers stood, sometimes for hours, in trenches with a few inches of cold water in them. (Andrews' Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p27)

Clinical Trials associated with Immersion Foot

NCT06849531

/ Not yet recruitingNot ApplicableIIT

Evaluation of the Relationship Between Foot Biomechanics and Lower Extremity Muscle Mechanics, Strength and Balance

This study is designed to investigate the relationship between foot biomechanics, balance, lower extremity muscle mechanical properties, and vertical jump in young adults. The aim is to highlight the correlations between foot biomechanics and the other parameters, as well as potential outcomes (if any).

Start Date13 Mar 2025

Sponsor / Collaborator-

ISRCTN11180128

/ RecruitingPhase 4IIT

Capsaicin 8% patch Qutenza treatment in non-freezing cold injury (NFCI): a clinical trial of repeated patch applications for pain relief and nerve regeneration

Start Date01 Feb 2024

Sponsor / Collaborator

Imperial College London

TCTR20240627002

/ CompletedPhase 2/3IIT

The Effect of Warm Foot Bath and Foot Exercises on Quality of Sleep In Controlling Incidence of Vascular Inflammation Among Type 2 Diabetes

Start Date02 Jan 2024

Sponsor / Collaborator-

100 Clinical Results associated with Immersion Foot

100 Translational Medicine associated with Immersion Foot

0 Patents (Medical) associated with Immersion Foot

161

Literatures (Medical) associated with Immersion Foot

17 Dec 2024·Zhonghua yi xue za zhi

[The distribution and biomechanical characteristics of foot deformities among elderly diabetic patients based on community screening].

Article

Author: Ren, B C ; Huang, L L ; Yu, Q ; Dong, Z H ; Fu, W G ; Cai, Y M ; Li, B Z ; Liu, H ; Ju, S

Objective: To analyze the distribution characteristics of foot deformities and the biomechanical features of the feet among elderly diabetic patients in the community. Methods: A total of 3 148 elderly diabetic patients (6 296 feet) who participated in the diabetic foot screening program in Jinshan District, Shanghai, from March to May 2023 were included, with 1 357 males and 1 791 females, aged (70.7±6.0) years. According to arch deformities, the severity of hallux valgus, and the presence or absence of other toe deformities (hammer foot, mallet foot, and claw foot), the patients were grouped and compared in terms of biomechanical parameters such as plantar pressure, force-bearing area, foot axis angle, footprint length, and load ratio. Results: The the most common foot deformity was the combination of arch deformities, accounting for up to 41.0% (2 581/6 296), it was followed by hallux valgus at 21.8% (1 371/6 296) and other toe deformities at 13.4% (846/6 296). A total of 56.5% (3, 557/6 296) of the patients had at least one type of foot deformity, and 29.0% (1 032/3 557) presented with tow or more types of foot deformities. When grouped according to arch deformities, the patients in the low arch group, mild low arch group, normal arch group, mild high arch group, and high arch group was 343, 1 282, 3 715, 595, and 361 cases, respectively; and there were statistically significant differences in maximum pressure, mean pressure, force-bearing area, foot axis angle, anterior-posterior and lateral offsets of the center of plantar pressure, anterior-posterior foot load ratio, and medial-lateral load ratio among all the groups (all P<0.001). The high arch group exhibited the highest maximum and mean pressures on the plantar surface, with the smallest force-bearing area, while the opposite was true for the low arch group (all P<0.001). There were 4 925, 731, 640 cases in the no hallux valgus group, mild hallux valgus group, and moderate-to-severe hallux valgus group respectively when grouped according to the severity of hallux valgus. The moderate-to-severe hallux valgus group had the lowest medial load (P=0.002) and the highest lateral load ratio (P=0.001). Compared to the group without other toe deformities (n=5 450), the group with other toe deformities (n=846) exhibited higher maximum plantar pressure [(214.43±112.85) vs (202.88±113.63) kPa, P<0.001], a lower forefoot load ratio (54.35%±13.31% vs 55.94%±12.58%, P=0.001), and a higher hindfoot load ratio (45.65%±13.31% vs 44.06%±12.58%, P=0.001). Conclusions: Among elderly diabetic patients, the incidence rate of foot deformities is as high as 56.5%, with arch deformities being the most common. Foot mechanics analysis indicates that the high arch group has the highest maximum and average plantar pressures, but the smallest force-bearing area, while the opposite is true for the low arch group. Toe deformities can affect the patient's plantar load ratio.

05 Nov 2024·Military Medicine

Current Status of Cold Injuries in the South Korean Military Over the Past 5 Years: Analysis and Assessment Based on the 2023–2024 Surveillance System

Article

Author: Ha, Beom-man ; Lim, Hunjong ; Jung, Jae-Hyeop ; Yu, Jeong-A

ABSTRACTIntroductionThis study aimed to examine the prevalence of cold injuries and review the cold injury monitoring system in the South Korean military.Materials and MethodsThis study conducted a retrospective and cross-sectional analysis using data from the Defense Medical Statistic Information System (DMSIS) on cold injuries among military personnel from 2018 to 2023. It incorporated findings from the Korean Armed Forces Medical Command’s cold injury surveillance system and analyzed cases from the Armed Forces Capital Hospital, covering all branches of the military by status and rank.ResultsAn analysis of cold injury in the South Korean military over the past 5 years revealed varying numbers of cases treated, from 799 in 2018-2019 to 467 in 2022-2023. According to the surveillance system in 2023-2024, the Army experienced the majority of these cases, with 94.5% of the total. The incidence per 1,000 personnel was the highest in the Army at 0.98 compared to the Air Force and Navy/Marine Corps. Rank-based analysis indicated the most affected were private first-class soldiers. Frostbite was the most frequent condition, alongside chilblains, hypothermia, and immersion injuries, with no marked difference in the type of illness across branches.ConclusionsThe study underscores the need for focused prevention and treatment, particularly in the Army. By analyzing data from a newly implemented surveillance system, it revealed a higher incidence of frostbite and chilblains among lower ranks. The findings highlight the importance of targeted educational measures and enhanced response strategies to protect personnel against cold injuries.

20 May 2024·ACS Applied Bio Materials

Elucidation of the Role of TRPV1, VEGF-A, TXA2, Redox Homeostasis, and Inflammatory Cascades in Protection against Cold Injuries by Herbosomal-Loaded PEG-Poloxamer Topical Formulation

Article

Author: Yadav, Renu Bala ; Arora, Rajesh ; Pathak, Dharam Pal ; Varshney, Rajeev

High-altitude regions, cold deserts, permafrost regions, and the polar region have some of the severest cold conditions on earth and pose immense perils of cold injuries to exposed individuals. Accidental and unintended exposures to severe cold, either unintentionally or due to occupational risks, can greatly increase the risk of serious conditions including hypothermia, trench foot, and cold injuries like frostbite. Cold-induced vasoconstriction and intracellular/intravascular ice crystal formation lead to hypoxic conditions at the cellular level. The condition is exacerbated in individuals having inadequate and proper covering and layering, particularly when large area of the body are exposed to extremely cold environments. There is a paucity of preventive and therapeutic pharmacological modalities that have been explored for managing and treating cold injuries. Given this, an efficient modality that can potentiate the healing of frostbite was investigated by studying various complex pathophysiological changes that occur during severe cold injuries. In the current research, we report the effectiveness and healing properties of a standardized formulation, i.e., a herbosomal-loaded PEG-poloxamer topical formulation (n-HPTF), on frostbite. The intricate mechanistic pathways modulated by the novel formulation have been elucidated by studying the pathophysiological sequelae that occur following severe cold exposures leading to frostbite. The results indicate that n-HPTF ameliorates the outcome of frostbite, as it activates positive sensory nerves widely distributed in the epidermis transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), significantly (p < 0.05) upregulates cytokeratin-14, promotes angiogenesis (VEGF-A), prominently represses the expression of thromboxane formation (TXA2), and significantly (p < 0.05) restores levels of enzymatic (glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) and nonenzymatic antioxidants (glutathione). Additionally, n-HPTF attenuates oxidative stress and the expression of inflammatory proteins PGF-2α, NFκB-p65, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced oxidative protein products (AOPP), and protein carbonylation (PCO). Masson's Trichrome staining showed that n-HPTF stimulates cellular proliferation, and increases collagen fiber deposition, which significantly (p < 0.05) promotes the healing of frostbitten tissue, as compared to control. We conclude that protection against severe cold injuries by n-HPTF is mediated via modulation of pathways involving TRPV1, VEGF-A, TXA2, redox homeostasis, and inflammatory cascades. The study is likely to have widespread implications for the prophylaxis and management of moderate-to-severe frostbite conditions.

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