Cerebral Palsy, Ataxic, Autosomal Recessive

New research by scientists at the University of California, Riverside, has potential in insect control through volatile repellents that could be applied on surfaces such as windowsills, eves of huts, house entryways, backyards, outside produce storage areas, entryways of livestock shelters, and next to crops in a field. Mosquitoes spread several diseases, such as malaria and dengue. In 2020 about 241 million cases of malaria occurred worldwide, with a few more million cases occurring in 2021. Nearly half the world's population lives in regions where contracting dengue virus is a risk. Insects also destroy a third of agriculture. New research by scientists at the University of California, Riverside, has potential in insect control through volatile repellents that could be applied on surfaces such as windowsills, eaves of huts, house entryways, backyards, outside produce storage areas, entryways of livestock shelters, and next to crops in a field. The researchers focused on ammonia, a basic volatile compound found in insect environments. At low concentrations, such as in human sweat, ammonia is an attractant for mosquitoes and other insects. At high concentrations, however, for example the concentrations found in household cleaners, ammonia is no longer attractive to insects. The researchers inquired into what happens to the olfactory (smell) system and gustatory (taste) system of fruit flies and mosquitoes in the presence of ammonia. "We found the olfactory neurons seem to have a burst of activity and then they become silent for a while," said Anandasankar Ray, a professor of molecular, cell and systems biology, who led the study that appears in iScience, a journal. "During the silent period, the neurons are not able to detect any odorants, which means insects cannot effectively find human skin odor." When Ray's team tested the taste system of fruit flies and mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti), they found a similar response. "Where taste is concerned, we found ammonia and 'amines' -- derivatives of ammonia that make up many synthetic odorants -- don't produce the flash type of activity we see in the olfactory system," Ray said. "But they do show the inhibition we found in the olfactory system. We were able to show that ammonia silences the sugar and salt response in insects." After most insects find a location to land on via their smell system, their taste system is executed. Mosquitoes use the labella -- sensory probes that aid in searching for a good place to bite -- on their legs to taste food. Fine hairs, called sensilla, on the labella of fruit flies enable the flies to taste potential foods without eating them. According to Ray, the discovery could be used to make effective insect repellents in the future. "While compounds like ammonia, which have a high pH and are basic, cannot be used on skin due to their corrosive properties, they can be used in other ways," he said. "Many biting insects fly into homes from outside. In most parts of the world, insects bite humans and pets indoors and often at night. For example, if walls, where insects land and wait, had a high pH material in them, mosquitoes would be affected. Similarly, if a high pH compound, such as an amine, were dispensed around entryways of homes and animal sheds, it could keep mosquitoes away." The study was supported by grants from the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, a member of the National Institutes of Health. Ray was joined in the study by Jonathan Trevorrow Clark, Anindya Ganguly, Jadrian Ejercito, Matthew Luy, and Anupama Dahanukar. The research paper is titled "Chemosensory detection of aversive concentrations of ammonia and basic volatile amines in insects." It's the humidity In a separate paper, published in the journal Scientific Reports, Ray's lab studied behavior modification to humidity in the Asian citrus psyllid, or ACP, which transmits citrus greening disease, and mosquitoes. Although insects can sense humidity, little research has been done on disrupting their humidity-sensing neurons. "We found amine odorants inhibit the humidity response," Ray said. "We identified neurons in the ACP that detect humidity and found that certain amines could inhibit their humidity sensing. We then showed this was conserved in fruit flies. This is probably the first time that researchers have shown that humidity sensing can be inhibited by odorants." The researchers then tested humidity sensing in gravid mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Anopheles coluzzi) that are attracted to water bodies to lay eggs. In the lab, blood-fed mosquitoes that were ready to lay eggs were presented with two cups of water. One cup contained a small vial of odor that inhibits humidity sensing. The researchers found the mosquitoes avoided laying eggs there and preferred instead the untreated cup. "This suggests it is possible to block the humidity sensing neurons in insects by using a volatile chemical and lower the level of egg laying," Ray said. He also explained that ACPs appear to avoid high humidity. To test their humidity sensing, his lab used a Y shaped tube with high humidity in both arms. The ACPs preferred neither arm at first. But when the researchers introduced a humidity inhibiting odorant in one arm, the ACPs began to prefer it because they could not sense the humidity anymore. "This means that by blocking the insects' ability to sense water using a volatile odorant, we can manipulate their humidity sensing pathway and alter their behavior in a predictable manner," Ray said. "In the future it may be possible to engineer amines to prevent insect egg laying in certain areas." The research has implications for regions where mosquitoes spread diseases. After they take a blood meal, mosquitoes look for water in which to lay down their eggs. A single female mosquito can lay up to 300 eggs in a single night. "Because of this extremely high reproductive potential, from spring to summer we see an explosion of mosquitoes," Ray said. "Where you have water with mosquito larvae, it is extremely difficult to control the mosquito population. This is why in tropical countries it is impossible to kill off all the mosquitoes. Even if a few mosquitoes are left over, they reproduce very fast." The study was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health. Ray, the founder of two startups, Sensorygen Inc. and Remote Epigenetics Inc., was joined in the study by Coutinho-Abreu and Trevorrow Clark of UCR. The title of the research paper is "Pentylamine inhibits humidity detection in insect vectors of human and plant borne pathogens."

Rising prevalence of cerebral palsy across the globe, increasing healthcare spending, and rising investments in R&D activities are some key factors expected to drive global Cerebral Palsy market growth. Market Dynamics: Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders that affects an individual’s ability to move and maintain accurate posture and balance. It is one of the most common motor disabilities among children. Some of the common symptoms associated with cerebral palsy are physical impairment, seizures, vision or hearing impairment along with intellectual impairment. Many hospitals, specialty hospitals, and clinics are adopting advanced and novel treatments and drugs to cater to rising cases of cerebral palsy. Request Free Sample Copy (To Understand the Complete Structure of this Report [Summary + TOC]) @ Factors such as growing demand for medications to control or reduce the symptoms of cerebral palsy, rapid advancements in medications and therapies, rising availability of advanced therapies such as physical therapies, recreational therapies, speech and language therapies, and occupational therapies are expected to drive global market growth during the forecast period. In addition, ongoing research on cerebral palsy drugs, improving healthcare infrastructure, and rising healthcare expenditure are expected to fuel global market growth. However, high cost of treatment, lack of well-developed infrastructure, and low awareness about cerebral palsy treatment in many developing countries are some key factors that can hamper overall market growth during the forecast period. COVID-19 Impact Analysis Social distancing and restrictions severely disrupted businesses and operations Lockdowns caused disruptions in transportation and logistics Impacted manufacturing activities and mining operations globally Took a toll on economy of various countries Caused sudden and drastic downturn in economic activity Disrupted agriculture, fisheries, dairy, and other sectors Caused loss of employment and financial crisis Supply impacts were further compounded owing to reduced disposable income Emergence of variants continue to cause concerns and impact normal routines Anti-Convulsants Segment To Register Rapid Revenue CAGR: The anti-convulsants segment is expected to register rapid revenue CAGR over the forecast period owing to rising prevalence of types of cerebral palsy, increasing approval of anticonvulsant drugs, and rapid adoption of various anti-convulsants across hospitals and ambulatory care centers. Emergen Research is Offering Limited Time Discount (Grab a Copy at Discounted Price Now) @ Hospitals Segment to Account for Largest Revenue Share: The hospital segment is expected to account for largest revenue share between 2020 and 2027 owing to large patient pool, improving healthcare infrastructure, rapid adoption of advanced cerebral palsy treatment, and favorable health insurance schemes. North America to Lead In Terms of Revenue Share: North America is expected to account for largest revenue share in the global market during the forecast period owing to factors such as rising prevalence of cerebral palsy across the region, availability of advanced treatment and medications, and high disposable income. Other factors such as increasing research and development activities, rising healthcare expenditure, and high awareness about early diagnosis and treatment are expected to drive North America market growth during the forecast period. Major Companies in the Market Include: GlaxoSmithKline plc. Pfizer Inc. Abbott Laboratories GW Pharmaceuticals Merck Metronic Acroda Therapeutics Cell Cure Neurosciences Allergen Meridigen Browse Full Report Description + Research Methodology + Table of Content + Infographics@ For the purpose of this report, Emergen Research has segmented to global cerebral palsy treatment market based on type, treatment type, drug type, end user and region: Type Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion; 2017–2027) Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy Ataxic Cerebral Palsy Spastic Cerebral Palsy Mixed Cerebral Palsy Others Treatment Type Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion; 2017–2027) Surgery Therapy Nutrition Therapy Medication Others Drug Type Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion; 2017–2027) Anti-Cholinergic Drugs Anti-Spastic Drugs Anti-Depressants Anti-Convulsants Others End Users Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion; 2017–2027) Hospitals Clinics others Regional Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion; 2017–2027) North America U.S. Canada Mexico Europe Germany France U.K. BENELUX Italy Rest of Europe Asia Pacific China India Japan South Korea Rest of APAC Latin America Brazil Rest of LATAM Middle East & Africa Saudi Arabia U.A.E. 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Cerebral palsy is a condition or disorder responsible for impairment of movement and coordination in muscles of the body that may lead to permanent loss of movement in the body. It may further impact sensation, swallowing, vision, speaking, and hearing faculties in many cases. Common symptoms of cerebral palsy include continuous drooling, muscle stiffness, weakness, tremors, poor coordination, and neurological complications, such as, intellectual disability, seizures, etc. Read Report Overview - According to CDC, in the U.S., 1.5 to 4 in every 1000 children are diagnosed with cerebral palsy. The disorder mostly arises due to abnormal development or damage of those parts of the brain which are responsible for controlling movements, posture, and balance. Cerebral palsy, most commonly, appears before birth, nevertheless, its complications may also arise during child birth or soon after birth. Different risks factors involved with this condition include methylmercury exposure during pregnancy, preterm birth, infections during pregnancy — rubella, German measles, toxoplasmosis, and herpes simplex, difficulties in delivery, asphyxia neonatorum, and intracranial hemorrhage. Rise in incidence of cerebral palsy can be attributed to multiple factors, such as, premature birth or low weight at the time of birth, multiple child births, and incidence of infectious diseases at the time of pregnancy. Further, health conditions of the mother may also lead to cerebral palsy in the child through conditions such as thyroid, seizures, intellectual disability, and so on. Request Brochure of Report - Rapid growth of the cerebral palsy treatment market can be attributed to increase in incidence of cerebral palsy, coupled with rise in awareness among parents regarding complications of cerebral palsy and availability of various treatments options in the market. However, side effects associated with the drugs are expected to limit the growth of the cerebral palsy treatment market in the next few years. The global cerebral palsy treatment market can be segmented based on drug type, type of cerebral palsy, and region. In terms of drug type, the cerebral palsy treatment market can be categorized into anticonvulsants drugs, anticholinergic drugs, antidepressants drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, and others. Based on type of cerebral palsy, the market can be classified into dyskinetic cerebral palsy, spastic cerebral palsy, hypotonic cerebral palsy, mixed cerebral palsy, and ataxic cerebral palsy. Request for Custom Research - In terms of geography, the global cerebral palsy treatment market can be segmented into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. North America is likely to account for a major share of the global cerebral palsy treatment market in 2018 due to increase in investment in R&D, rise in awareness among people regarding mental health, favorable regulations and reimbursement policies implemented by governmental bodies, and growing health care expenditure in the region. Europe, followed by Asia Pacific, is projected to be highly lucrative markets for cerebral palsy treatment in the near future. The cerebral palsy treatment market in Asia Pacific is expected to grow rapidly during the forecast period. Increasing population and growing support in terms of investment from both public and private sectors are expected to drive the market in the region in the near future. Pre Book Cerebral Palsy Treatment Market Report at Furthermore, increasing awareness among people regarding complications and treatment of cerebral palsy, coupled with rising technological penetration, is anticipated to further support the growth of the cerebral palsy treatment market. The cerebral palsy treatment market in Middle East & Africa and Latin America is likely to grow substantially during the forecast period due to introduction of favorable governmental norms and increase in expenditure on health care by both public and private bodies. Key players operating in the cerebral palsy treatment market include Allergen Plc., Cellular Biomedicine Group, Merck & Co., Inc., Pfizer Inc., GlaxoSmithKline plc, Abbott, Acorda Therapeutics, Inc., Medtronic, Meridigen Biotechnology, and GW Pharmaceuticals Plc. 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