Improvers such as potassium bromate, titanium dioxide, and bleaching agents are used in breadmaking despite existing bans. This research aimed to detect potassium bromate, alloxan (a by-product of bleaching agents), and titanium dioxide in bread samples from local automated and traditional bakeries. Bread samples prepared from local durum wheat flour underwent treatments (sonication, selenium, and selenium with sonication). X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) did not detect titanium dioxide, while potassium bromide (a reduced form of potassium bromate) was detected in all samples. UV-visible spectroscopy detected alloxan in 37.5 % of bakeries. Among all treatments, selenium and sonication effectively reduced potassium bromide, alloxan, and titanium dioxide concentrations in spiked (10,000 μg/g) bread samples. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) showed particle sizes over 100 nm in all treated samples, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed the surface morphology structure of rough, flaky surfaces with compact particles for all treated prepared, and spiked samples, indicating no nanoparticle formation.

03 Mar 2024·Ultrastructural Pathology

Protective effects of Urtica dioica on the cerebral cortex damage induced by Potassium bromate in adult male albino rats

Article

Author: Mahmoud, Abeer A. ; Hassen, Ebtehal Z. ; Zayed Mohamed, Maha

Potassium bromate is used in cheese production, beer making and is also used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic. It is a proven carcinogen as it is a strong oxidizing agent that generates free radicals during xenobiotic metabolism. Urtica dioica (Ud) (from the plants' family of Urticaceae) is a plant that has long been used as a medicinal plant in many parts of the world. It has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunosuppressive properties. So, this study aimed to clarify the effect of Potassium bromate on the histological structure of cerebral cortex of adult male albino rats, evaluate the possible protective role of Urtica dioica. Thirty adult healthy male albino rats were divided into three groups; group I (Control group), group II (KBrO3 treated group). Group III (KBrO3 and Urtica dioica treated group).At the end of the experiment, rats in all groups were anesthetized and specimens were processed for light and electron microscope. Morphometric and statistical analyses were also performed. Nerve cells of the treated group showed irregular contours, dark nuclei, irregular nuclear envelopes, dilated RER cisternae, and mitochondria with ruptured cristae. Vacuolated neuropil was also observed. Immunohistochemically, stained sections for GFAP showed strong positive reaction in the processes of astrocytes. Recovery group showed revealed nearly the same as the histological picture as the control group. In conclusion, potassium bromate induces degenerative effects on neurons of cerebral cortex and urtica dioica provide an important neuroprotective effects against these damaging impacts through their antioxidant properties.

01 Jan 2024·Heliyon

Health risk assessment of potassium bromate in bread in Ghana

Article

Author: Gordon, A ; Gmakame, J ; Otu, P N Y ; Bonah, D A ; Gedza, W E ; Andorful, I A ; Ayembilla, J A ; Owusu-Ansah, L ; Whyte, B K ; Quarcoo, A

IntroductionPotassium bromate (KBrO₃) is an oxidizing agent added to flour to improve bread quality. However, KBrO₃ is nephrotoxic, and a class B carcinogen banned in most countries, including Ghana.AimThis study aimed to determine the residual KBrO₃ concentration in bread and to estimate the chemical and carcinogenic risk that is associated with the consumption of these breads in Ghana.MethodsA total of 285 samples of bread, consisting of 97 tea breads, 95 sugar breads, and 93 butter breads were randomly sampled from bakeries across ten regions of Ghana for this study. The bromate contents were qualitatively and quantitatively determined spectrophotometrically at 515 nm, based on the redox reaction between KBrO₃ and promethazine. The change in colour from colourless to pink indicated the presence of KBrO₃ in the sample. The data were analyzed with Microsoft Excel 365 Apps for Enterprise and GraphPad Prism and the map was plotted with QGIS.ResultsOut of the 285 bread samples analyzed, 12.28% (35/285) tested positive for KBrO₃ with concentrations ranging from 0.46 to 26.67 μg/g (mean 6.13 μg/g). This exceeded the permissible dose (0.02 μg/g) by 23-1334 times, respectively. Except Ashanti and Volta regions, all the other 8 regions had at least one bread type testing positive for KBrO₃. There was no statistically significant difference in the concentration of KBrO₃ between the bread types analyzed at p < 0.05. The hazard ratio ranged from 0.166 to 0.435 and the chronic hazard quotient ranged from 0.0037 to 0.00141.ConclusionBreads from 8 regions of Ghana tested positive for KBrO_3, but their concentrations may not pose chemical or carcinogenic risks after regular consumption.

100 Deals associated with Potassium bromate(VA Medical Center)

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Indication	Highest Phase	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Breast Cancer	Preclinical	United States	VA Medical Center	01 Jul 2017

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