Cellulose Sodium Phosphate

Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of empagliflozin (EM) on renal injury in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and to explore its possible mechanism. Methods Male SD rats were randomly divided into a normal control (NC) group, a T2DM group, and an EM group, with 6 rats in each group. T2DM models were established by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in the T2DM and EM groups. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels and body mass of rats in each group were recorded. The EM group received EM solution through intragastric administration, while the other two groups were given an equivalent volume of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose solution through intragastric administration for 12 weeks. After the body mass and FBG levels were recorded, the rats were sacrificed and blood samples from the abdominal aorta and kidney tissues were collected. Serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid (UA), triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) were detected by automatic biochemical analyzer. Masson, PAS and HE staining were used to assess histological changes in the kidneys, and a transmission electron microscopy was used to observe ultrastructural changes. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression and distribution of exchange protein 1 directly activated by cAMP(Epac1), TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-18 in renal tissue of rats. Results Compared with the NC group, the rats in T2DM group showed a decrease in body mass, a significant increase in the levels of FBG, Scr, BUN, UA, TC, and TG, thickened glomerular basement membrane, foot process fusion of podocytes, disordered cell arrangement and loss of endothelial cell fenestrations. The expression level of Epac1 decreased, while the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-18 significantly increased. Compared with the T2DM group, the rats in the EM group showed an increase in body mass, significantly decreased levels of FBG, Scr, BUN, UA, TC, and TG, reduced renal injury, increased expression level of Epac1, and significantly decreased expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-18. Conclusion EM can improve renal injury in T2DM rats by up-regulating Epac1 expression to inhibit inflammatory response.

To overcome the natural visual consequences of the physiological aging process, the use of biodegradable fillers made of hyaluronic acid or sodium carboxymethyl cellulose is increasingly popular in modern esthetic medicine. Clinicians can choose from a wide range of fillers with variable compositions and rheological properties, and therefore with different application areas and injection depths. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the most commonly used fillers for facial augmentation regarding their in vitro biocompatibility and to find potential correlations to their rheological properties.

In the present study, direct and indirect in vitro cytotoxicity analysis according to DIN EN ISO 10993-5 were performed on 39 different filler materials for facial augmentation.

All fillers analyzed in this study overall showed satisfactory results in the direct and indirect cytocompatibility tests. While no material was outside the threshold values in the 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulphenyl)-(2H)-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) cell viability and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) cell proliferation assays or in the live-dead staining, only 7 out of the 39 fillers reached the required values in the lactate dehydrogenase assay.

All biodegradable fillers examined in this study were found to be sufficiently cytocompatible. Although the qualitative analysis of the test results showed differences between the fillers, no concrete correlation between test performance and composition or manufacturer of the fillers was found. Future efforts are required to provide clinicians with even better support in choosing the right filler for optimal outcome and patient satisfaction.