Author: Khan, Rifat Ullah ; Alhidary, Ibrahim A ; Sana, Bushra ; Losacco, Caterina ; Shamsi, Shamsuddin ; Naz, Shabana ; Tufarelli, Vincenzo ; Chand, Naila

The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of different levels of hempseed (HS) on growth performance, immunity and gut health in broiler chickens. A total of 192 Hubbard broiler chicks were divided into four groups and fed HS as follow: control (HS0), HS 10% (HS-10), HS 15% (HS-15) and HS 20% (HS-20). The study on HS supplementation in broilers revealed no significant impacts on feed intake during the starter (p = .2294) and finisher phases (p = .2294), or overall (p = .0944), though numerical increases were noted with higher HS levels. Body weight gain showed no significant influence in the starter and finisher phases, with overall weight gain also not significantly different (p = .0944), but numerically higher with increased HS. Feed conversion ratio was unaffected in the starter (p = .6986) and finisher phases (p = .6425), and overall (p = .2218). Dressing percentage (p = .1062) and mortality (p = .1631) were not significantly altered, but HS-20 had the highest dressing percentage and lowest mortality numerically. White blood cell counts increased significantly (p = .0377), especially in HS-15 and HS-20 groups. IgM and IgG production was higher in HS-20 on day 28 (p = .021). Gut pH (p > .05) and intestinal histomorphology (p > .05) were not significantly affected, although villus height increased numerically with higher HS levels. These results suggest potential benefits of HS, especially at higher inclusion levels. In conclusion, the obtained results indicated that HS incorporation into the diet of broilers did not affect the growth performance and gut health; however, the immune responses were significantly higher at 15 and 20% levels.

Pest Management Science

Structure‐based virtual screening of novel chitin synthase inhibitors for the control of Phytophthora sojae

Article

Author: He, Xiao ; Xia, Yeqiang ; Liu, Jinfeng ; Li, Yingchen ; Liu, Yuansheng ; Chen, Wei ; Yang, Qing

AbstractBACKGROUNDChitin synthase (CHS) is an important target for pesticide development as chitin biosynthesis is essential for the survival and reproduction of various organisms, such as oomycetes, fungi and insects. Small‐molecule inhibitors of CHS have potential applications for the control of agricultural pests and diseases.RESULTSIn this study, exploiting the cryo‐EM structures of PsChs1, the CHS indispensable to the sporangial production and virulence of soybean root rot pathogenic oomycete Phytophthora sojae, a virtual screening method combining by molecular docking, inhibitory activity measurement and biological activity determination was conducted, to identify novel small‐molecule inhibitors of CHS. A chemical library containing ≈1.8 million compounds was screened, and four potent inhibitors (HS‐20, HS‐24, HS‐36 and HS‐40) were identified. Amongst these compounds, HS‐20 showed the most potent inhibitory activity with a Ki value of 4.2 ± 0.2 μM. Besides inhibitory activities towards PsChs1, these compounds were effective in decreasing sporangial production and preventing zoospore infection. When inoculated with zoospores, HS‐20 and HS‐24 completely inhibited the growth of P. sojae, suggesting their potential in its prevention and control.CONCLUSIONThis study identified four new compounds with potent chitin synthase (CHS) inhibitory activity, all of which significantly reduce sporangia production and zoospore infection. It also presents promising in silico techniques and small molecule candidates for the design and development of novel CHS inhibitors. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

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Indication	Highest Phase	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Hepatocellular Carcinoma	Preclinical	US	National Cancer Institute	18 Jun 2014

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