Author: Jander, Georg ; Younkin, Gordon C. ; Alani, Martin L. ; Mirzaei, Mahdieh ; Agrawal, Anurag A. ; Fischer, Hillary D. ; Páez‐Capador, Anamaría ; Hastings, Amy P.

Summary

The chemical arms race between plants and insects is foundational to the generation and maintenance of biological diversity. We asked how the evolution of a novel defensive compound in an already well‐defended plant lineage impacts interactions with diverse herbivores. Erysimum cheiranthoides (Brassicaceae), which produces both ancestral glucosinolates and novel cardiac glycosides, served as a model.

We analyzed gene expression to identify cardiac glycoside biosynthetic enzymes in E. cheiranthoides and characterized these enzymes via heterologous expression and CRISPR/Cas9 knockout. Using E. cheiranthoides cardiac glycoside‐deficient lines, we conducted insect experiments in both the laboratory and field.

EcCYP87A126 initiates cardiac glycoside biosynthesis via sterol side‐chain cleavage, and EcCYP716A418 has a role in cardiac glycoside hydroxylation. In EcCYP87A126 knockout lines, cardiac glycoside production was eliminated. Laboratory experiments with these lines revealed that cardiac glycosides were highly effective defenses against two species of glucosinolate‐tolerant specialist herbivores, but did not protect against all crucifer‐feeding specialist herbivores in the field. Cardiac glycosides had lesser to no effect on two broad generalist herbivores.

These results begin elucidation of the E. cheiranthoides cardiac glycoside biosynthetic pathway and demonstrate in vivo that cardiac glycoside production allows Erysimum to escape from some, but not all, specialist herbivores.

01 Apr 2024·Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology

Unraveling the chemical composition, antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of Citrus reticulata Blanco dropped fruit extracts

Author: Kaushal, Sonia ; Kalia, Anu ; Heena ; Panwar, Harsh ; Kaur, Vishaldeep

Fruit wastes are one of the major contributors of the biomass wastes.Citrus reticulata Blanco shows substantial fruit drop due to diverse environmental factors leading to huge agricultural waste which can be utilized as source of valuable products of nutraceutical and pharmacol. importance.The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic potential of citrus fruits biomass dropped in the month of June.The dropped citrus fruits extracts were prepared by soxhlet extraction technique using hexane, Et acetate and methanol as solvents.The GC-MS anal. of fruit extracts revealed the presence of numerous bioactive compounds as nobiletin (35.08%), 3,3',4',5,5',7-hexamethoxyflavone (28.33%) and Et oleate (15.17%) as major components in methanol, Et acetate and hexane extracts resp.The extracts were further evaluated for their antibacterial potential against Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus spp.The methanol extract showed maximum antibacterial potential against all the tested bacteria having MIC as 75-125μg/mL and significant reduction in biofilm formation.The extract also showed synergistic interaction with standard antibiotic i.e., streptomycin against E. coli, Bacillus spp. and S. aureus and also showed the highest cytotoxic activity against HT-29 and Ln-Cap cell lines having IC50 values; 360 and 400μg/mL resp.The antioxidant potential of methanol and Et acetate extracts was nearly same having IC50 values; 75.5 and 76.0μg/mL in the DPPH and NO radical scavenging assays resp.Hence, the dropped citrus fruits which are generally regarded as waste can be utilized as source of antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic agents.

01 Mar 2024·South African Journal of Botany

Selenium biofortified jute leaves exhibited increased phenolic content and enhances anti-inflammatory cytokines and immunogloblin levels in Wistar rats

Author: Akindoyeni, Inioluwa Ayooluwa ; Oboh, Ganiyu ; Adefegha, Stephen Adeniyi ; Ogunsuyi, Opeyemi Babatunde

Biofortification of staple vegetables with selenium (Se) is one of the ways of increasing the concentration of Se in leafy vegetables, and hence, a major method in ameliorating low Se levels in the population.Furthermore, at low doses, plant biofortification with Se has been shown to confer beneficial status on the plants.It is however, not enough that the vegetables bioaccumulate Se, it is also important to assess the physiol. and biochem. effects of such biofortified vegetables in vivo.This study therefore, aims to evaluate the effect of Se biofortification on the concentration of phytochems. present in jute (Corchorus olitorius) leaves, as well as the effect of the dietary inclusions of the Se biofortified vegetables on anti-inflammatory cytokines and Ig levels in Wistar rats.The experiment included five treatments: control, 0.01 % Se fertilizer inclusion, 0.05 % Se fertilizer inclusion, 0.1 % Se fertilizer inclusion and organic fertilizer inclusion to topsoil used to plant jute plants.Anal. of the phytochems. in jute leaves was carried out via high performance liquid chromatog. (HPLC).The result shows that the phytochems. concentration, mainly phenolics, was highest at 0.05 % Se fertilizer inclusion.Thereafter, rats were fed dietary inclusions of these biofortified vegetables (2.5 and 5 %) for thirty days.Subsequently, the rats′ sera were assayed for Igs (Ig) and cytokines levels.The results showed a significant increase in IgM, IgA.IgG and IL-6 particularly at 5 % dietary inclusion of the Se biofortified vegetables.This study therefore, shows that Se-biofortified jute leaves could modulate some critical proteins of the immune system essential for responding to immunogenicity.

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