Chronic primary pain (CPP) occurs in the absence of tissue injury and includes temporomandibular disorders (TMD), fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). CPP is commonly considered a stress-related chronic pain and often presents as wide-spread pain or comorbid pain conditions in different regions of the body. However, whether prolonged stress can directly result in the development of CPP comorbidity remains unclear. In the present study, we adapted a 21 day heterotypic stress paradigm in mice and examined whether chronic stress induced wide-spread hyperalgesia, modeling comorbid CPP in the clinic. We found that chronic stress induced anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, and resulted in long-lasting wide-spread hyperalgesia over several body regions such as the orofacial area, hindpaw, thigh, upper back and abdomen in female mice. We further found that the expression of cholecystokinin (CCK)₁ receptors was significantly increased in the L4-L5 spinal dorsal horn of the female mice after 14 and 21 day heterotypic stress compared with the control animals. Intrathecal injection of the CCK₁ receptor antagonist CR-1505 blocked pain hypersensitivity in the subcervical body including the upper back, thigh, hindpaw and abdomen. These findings suggest that the upregulation of spinal CCK₁ receptors after chronic stress contributes to the central mechanisms underlying the development of wide-spread hyperalgesia, and may provide a potential and novel central target for clinical treatment of CPP.

31 Jan 2011·Journal of Neurogastroenterology and MotilityQ2 · MEDICINE

Mechanism of Action of Cholecystokinin on Colonic Motility in Isolated, Vascularly Perfused Rat Colon

Q2 · MEDICINE

Article

Author: Sei-Jin Youn ; Kae-Yol Lee ; Byeong-Seong Ko ; Hee-Bok Chae ; Joung-Ho Han ; Jee-In Jeong ; Seon-Mee Park

BACKGROUND/AIMSIt is generally believed that cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates colonic motility, although there are controversial reports. It has also been suggested that postprandial peptide YY (PYY) release is CCK-dependent. Using a totally isolated, vascularly perfused rat colon, we investigated: (1) the roles of CCK and PYY on colonic motility, (2) to determine if CCK modulates PYY release from the colon to influence the motility and (3) to clarify whether the action of CCK and PYY on colonic motility is mediated via the influence of cholinergic input.METHODSAn isolated whole rat colon was used. Luminal pressure was monitored via microtip catheter pressure transducers from proximal and distal colon. After a control period, CCK-8 or PYY was administerd intraarterially with or without an anti-PYY serum, loxiglumide or atropine at 12, 60 and 240 pM. Each dose was given for a period of 15-minute and the contractile response was expressed as % changes over basal. PYY concentration in the portal effluent was determined by radioimmunoassay.RESULTSExogenous CCK-8 increased colonic motility which paralleled the increase in PYY release in the portal effluent. Exogenous PYY also significantly increased colonic motility although it was less potent than CCK. The stimulating effect of CCK-8 was significantly inhibited by an anti-PYY serum, and was completely abolished by loxiglumide, and almost completely abolished by atropine.CONCLUSIONSCCK increases colonic motility via CCK(1) receptor and it is mediated partly by PYY. Cholinergic input is required for the increased motility by either PYY or CCK.

31 Jan 2011·Journal of Neurogastroenterology and MotilityQ2 · MEDICINE

The Excitatory Effect of Cholecystokinin on Colonic Motor Function via Cholecystokinin Receptor

Q2 · MEDICINE

Article

Author: Jun, Jae Yeoul

Cholecystokinin (CCK) was first described over 70 years ago as a putative hormone that caused gallbladder contraction in response to fat in the small intestine.1 The actions of CCK include stimulation of exocrine and endocrine secretion, motility and growth in the gastrointestinal tract, and regulation of satiety, anxiety, pain and behavior in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is therefore a prototype of a class of agents known as brain-gut peptides, functioning both as a neuropeptide and as a gut hormone.2,3 There are 2 principal sources of CCK: endocrine I cells in the duodenal wall that are in contact with the lumen of the intestine, and peptidergic nerves both in the enteric nervous system and in the central nervous system. In the periphery, CCK-containing neurons are found in the myenteric plexus, submucosal plexus, muscle layers of the small intestine and colon, the celiac plexus and the vagus nerve.4 Receptors for CCK were first characterized on pancreatic acinar cells and identified as CCK type A receptors (CCK-A or CCK1), with the subsequent discovery in the same year of a second receptor with a different pharmacology in the brain, CCK type B receptors (CCK-B or CCK2). These 2 types of CCK receptor could be pharmacologically distinguished on the basis of their affinity for the agonists CCK and gastrin. CCK1 are highly selective for analogs of CCK, whereas CCK2 have similarly high affinity for both analogs of CCK and gastrin.5 CCK has been known to affect human colonic motility for more than 3 decades.6 In spite of the large number of functional investigations since then, only 1 study has provided data regarding the distribution of CCK1 receptors in human colon.7 It is well known that CCK affects colonic motility by 2 fundamentally different pathways: acting on neurons in the myenteric plexus and directly on the smooth muscle cells. Cholinergic regulation is involved in the pathway acting on neurons. Interestingly, it was suggested that CCK stimulate the release of peptide YY (PYY) which increases the colonic motility in rat colon.8 However, there are no crucial reports whether CCK act on colonic motility by regulating cholinergic neurons or stimulating the release of PYY. In this issue of the Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Ko et al investigated the effects of CCK on colonic motility, the involvement of PYY release and cholinergic regulation on CCK-induced action in isolated, vascularly perfused rat colon. They found that CCK increased the colonic motility in proximal and distal colon dose-dependently. Also, they could see the increasing effect on colonic motility. To find the CCK receptor subtype, they used loxiglumide, a specific CCK1 receptor antagonist and found loxiglumide blocked the CCK-induced action on colonic motility. In previous reports, there are many suggestions that CCK1 receptor only involves for CCK action in colon, gallbladder, pancreas and stomach of animals and human.9,10 There is a thread of connections between previous reports and this result. And they could find CCK to stimulate the release of PYY in proximal and distal colon dose-dependently. Furthermore, CCK- or PYY-induced action on colonic motility was inhibited by pretreatment with atropine. These mean that CCK can act on colonic motility by stimulating PYY release or by cholinergic pathway. Interestingly, it was already suggested that the release of PYY could be stimulated by CCK or cholinergic regulation in proximal colon whereas by direct mechanism in distal colon.9 So, they concluded that CCK1 receptor, PYY release and cholinergic input are closely related with CCK-induced action on colonic motility. The acting mechanism of CCK on colonic motility appears more intricate because of the wide-spread localization in gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, finding the exact mechanism of CCK-induced action on gastrointestinal motility must be further studied in the future.

100 Deals associated with Loxiglumide

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Indication	Highest Phase	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Biliary pain	NDA/BLA	IT	-	-
Dyspepsia	NDA/BLA	IT	Rottapharm SpA	-
Irritable Bowel Syndrome	NDA/BLA	-	Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.	-
Irritable Bowel Syndrome	NDA/BLA	-	Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp.	-
Irritable Bowel Syndrome	NDA/BLA	IT	Rottapharm SpA	-
Irritable Bowel Syndrome	NDA/BLA	GB	-	-
Pancreatic Cancer	NDA/BLA	JP	Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.	-
Pancreatitis	NDA/BLA	JP	Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.	-

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