Brilliant Blue G

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a common form of facial pain, which primarily manifests as severe pain similar to facial acupuncture and electric shock. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are glial cells with high bioactivity; these cells are essential for the periodic regeneration of the olfactory nerve and have been utilized for the repair of nerve injuries. A member of the P2X receptor family, P2X7R, is an ion channel type receptor that has been confirmed to participate in various pain response processes. In this study, we transplanted OECs into trigeminal nerve-model rats with distal infraorbital nerve ligation to observe the therapeutic effect of transplanted OECs in rats. Additionally, we utilized the P2X7R-specific inhibitor brilliant blue G (BBG) to study the therapeutic mechanisms of cell transplantation. The facial mechanical pain threshold of these rats significantly increased following cell transplantation. The immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and RT-qPCR results demonstrated that the levels of P2X7R, (NOD)-like receptor protein-3 (NLRP3), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-18 in the trigeminal ganglion of rats treated with OEC transplantation or BBG treatment were significantly lower than those in the injured group without treatment. Overall, our results demonstrate that OEC transplantation can alleviate TN in rats, and it can reduce the expression of P2X7R related inflammatory factors in TN rats, reducing neuroinflammatory response in TG.

The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the active ingredient in antimicrobial magistral drug formulations and plant extracts used in folk medicine were investigated comparatively. Borax, sulfur colloid, hydrogen peroxide, benzoic acid, rivanol, brilliant green and plant extracts as active ingredients, namely: Helianthus tuberosus tuber-H2O (aqueous extract), Cydonia oblonga leaves-H2O, Allium porrum whole plant-H2O, Cistus laurifolius leaves-EtOH, Solanum muricalum-H2O, and Fumaria cilicica leaves-EtOH were studied to determine their antimicrobial activity against different bacteria and fungi (S. pyogenes, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis, K. pneumonia, H. influenza, P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, E. coli, Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei) by using the microdilution method. The active ingredients and plant extracts showed different activities as MIC between 1->128 μg/mL. Brilliant green and rivanol as active ingredients had MIC values of 1 μg/mL against all tested microorganisms. C. oblonga leaves-H2O as well as C. laurifolius leaves-EtOH as plant extracts were indicated as having the highest antimicrobial effect in MIC value of 16 μg/ml against A. baumannii and S. pyogenes, respectively. On the other hand, F. cilicica leaves-EtOH and C. laurifolius leaves-EtOH showed the highest antifungal activity (MIC; 16 μg/mL).