Adenosine Triphosphate Disodium Hydrate

The drug resistance of multiple myeloma (MM) cells is one of the main causes of relapse, refractory and progression of MM.

First, Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression levels of NLRP3, ASC, pro-IL-1β and cleaved IL-1β, and RT-qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of them. The expression levels of IL-1β and IL-18 in the supernatant were detected by ELISA, and the expression levels of these factors in the activated group and the control group were compared to verify the activation of BMMCs and KM3.

1. The protein expression of NLRP3 and cleavd-IL-1β in the BMMCs cells was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression levels of caspase-1 and IL-1β were higher than those of the control group (P = 0.03, P = 0.02). 2. The protein expression levels of NLRP3 and cleaved-IL-1β in the KM3 cells were significantly higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05). The expressions of caspase-1 mRNA(P = 0.016) and IL-1β mRNA(P = 0.037) were significantly increased compared with the control group. 3. The early apoptosis results of BMMCs showed that the apoptosis rate of the LPS+ATP+Dex group was lower than that of the Dex group (P = 0.017). The early apoptosis rate of the LPS+ATP+Dex+Vel group was decreased compared with the Dex+Vel group (P = 0.045). 4. The early apoptosis rate of KM3 in the LPS+ATP+Dex group was lower than that in the Dex group (P = 0.03).

1. LPS+ATP can activate NLRP3 inflammasome in multiple myeloma cells. 2. Activation of NLRP3 inflammasome inhibits the early apoptosis of myeloma cells induced by dexamethasone and bortezomib.

Construction of hierarchical architecture with suitable band alignment for graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) played a pivotal role in enhancing the efficiency of photocatalysts. In this study, a novel attapulgite-intercalated g-C₃N₄/ZnIn₂S₄ nanocomposite material (ZIS/CN/ATP, abbreviated as ZCA) was successfully synthesized using the freeze-drying technique, thermal polymerization, and a simple low-temperature hydrothermal method. Attapulgite (ATP) was intercalated into g-C₃N₄ to effectively regulate its interlayer structure. The results reveal a substantial enlargement of its internal space, thereby facilitating the provision of additional active sites for improved dispersibility of ZnIn₂S₄. Notably, the optimized photocatalyst, comprising a mass ratio of ATP, g-C₃N₄, and ZnIn₂S₄ at 1:1:2.5 respectively, achieves an outstanding hydrogen evolution rate of 3906.15 μmol g^-1h^-1, without the need for a Pt co-catalyst. This rate surpasses that of pristine g-C₃N₄ by a factor of 475 and ZnIn₂S₄ by a factor of 5, representing a significant improvement in performance. This significant enhancement can be primarily attributed to the higher specific surface area, richer active sites, broadened light response range, and efficient interfacial charge transfer channels of the ZCA composite photocatalyst. Furthermore, the Z-scheme photocatalytic mechanism for the sandwich-like layered structure heterojunction was thoroughly investigated using diverse characterization techniques. This work offers new insights for enhancing photocatalytic performance through the expanded utilization of natural minerals, paving the way for future advancements in this field.