Degradation of the Acid Black 210 dye (AB210) in synthetic and industrial effluent samples was performed, for the first time, using a heterogeneous electro-Fenton (EF) process with a CoFe₂O₄/NOM magnetic hybrid catalyst (Hb200). The technique was compared with electrochemical oxidation using electrogenerated hydrogen peroxide (AO-H₂O₂). The catalyst was synthesized by the sol-gel technique, using water with a high content of natural organic matter (NOM) as an eco-friendly solvent. Analyses using XRD, FTIR, and TEM showed the formation of hybrid nanostructures with average size of 4.85 nm. Electrochemical assays were performed with a GDE/BDD electrode pair, electrogenerated H₂O₂, and current density of 45.4 mA cm^-2. For the synthetic solution of AB210 at pH 3, the EF process presented higher efficiency, compared to AO-H₂O₂, with the optimum condition achieved using a lower mass of the catalyst (30 mg) and a higher concentration of the dye (55 mg L^-1). The EF method also showed superior performance in the treatment of an industrial effluent with high organic load, at pH 6, with almost complete mineralization of AB210 (95%) in 7 h, while the AO-H₂O₂ process achieved 82% mineralization. The Hb200 hybrid maintained excellent catalytic activity during reuse in 3 cycles, with only 10% lower mineralization efficiency in the last cycle. GC-MS analysis showed that most of the contaminants in the effluent, including bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, one of the most toxic, were eliminated or transformed after the EF treatment with Hb200.

01 Jul 2011·Journal of Antimicrobial ChemotherapyQ2 · MEDICINE

Whole-genome comparison of two Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from a single patient, where resistance developed during tigecycline therapy

Q2 · MEDICINE

Article

Author: David M. Livermore ; David W. Wareham ; Mark J. Pallen ; Claire P. Thomas ; Tom Gaulton ; Nick Loman ; Jane F. Turton ; Michael Hornsey ; Michel Doumith ; Matthew J. Ellington ; Neil Woodford ; Anthony Underwood

OBJECTIVESThe whole genomes of two Acinetobacter baumannii isolates recovered from a single patient were sequenced to gain insight into the nature and extent of genomic plasticity in this important nosocomial pathogen over the course of a short infection. The first, AB210, was recovered before tigecycline therapy and was susceptible to this agent; the second, AB211, was recovered after therapy and was resistant.METHODSDNA from AB210 was sequenced by 454 GS FLX pyrosequencing according to the standard protocol for whole-genome shotgun sequencing, producing ∼250 bp fragment reads. AB211 was shotgun sequenced using the Illumina Genetic Analyzer to produce fragment reads of exactly 36 bp. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and large deletions detected in AB211 in relation to AB210 were confirmed by PCR and DNA sequencing.RESULTSAutomated gene prediction detected 3850 putative coding sequences (CDSs). Sequence analysis demonstrated the presence of plasmids pAB0057 and pACICU2 in both isolates. Eighteen putative SNPs were detected between the pre- and post-therapy isolates, AB210 and AB211. Three contigs in AB210 were not covered by reads in AB211, representing three deletions of ∼15, 44 and 17 kb.CONCLUSIONSThis study demonstrates that significant differences were detectable between two bacterial isolates recovered 1 week apart from the same patient, and reveals the potential of whole-genome sequencing as a tool for elucidating the processes responsible for changes in antibiotic susceptibility profiles.

Scientific ReportsQ3 · CROSS-FIELD

Effects of In vivo Emergent Tigecycline Resistance on the Pathogenic Potential of Acinetobacter baumannii

Q3 · CROSS-FIELD

ArticleOA

Author: Wareham, David W ; Hornsey, Michael

AbstractMultidrug-resistant lineages of Acinetobacter baumannii (MDRAB) are important nosocomial pathogens. As tigecycline remains active against most MDRAB we sought to investigate whether tigecycline resistance impacts biological fitness. The effects of treatment-emergent tigecycline resistance were investigated in vitro and in vivo using two pre- (AB210; W6976) and post-therapy (AB211; W7282) clinical pairs, recovered from individual patients, where tigecycline resistance was associated with up-regulated efflux activity. All isolates belonged to the same epidemic UK lineage. Significant differences were observed in end-point survival proportions between AB210 and AB211, but not between W6976 and W7282, using the Galleria mellonella infection model. Isolate AB211 outcompeted AB210 in vivo, in contrast to isolate W7282, which was outcompeted by its pre-therapy counterpart, W6972. Whole-genome sequencing of isolates W6976 and W7282 revealed a mutation in the adeABC regulatory gene, adeS in W7282; resulting in a Ser-8 → Arg substitution. Previous whole-genome comparison of AB210 and AB211 also identified a non-synonymous mutation in adeS, among several other lesions in genes involved in biofilm formation and DNA mismatch repair; consistent with the phenotypic differences described here. In conclusion, the differing effects on the wider phenotype were not predictable from the antibiograms or clonal lineage, despite a common mechanism of tigecycline resistance.

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