Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) is an important commercial fish species that is widely cultured throughout China. With the application of high-density culture, M. salmoides is usually infected by different pathogens in water. Particularly, co-infection with multiple pathogens was common, which has considerably outweighed the impact caused by single infections. In this research, two bacteria strains were isolated from diseased fish by incubating on brain heart infusion agar. According to the results of 16S rRNA and gyrB sequence, as well as the analysis of morphological, physiological and biochemical features, the isolated bacterial strains were finally identified as Aeromonas veronii and Nocardia seriolae, respectively. In addition, eight virulence genes related to pathogenicity including enterotoxin, lipase, elastase, quorum sensing, hemolysin and adhesion were identified in A. veronii isolate and eight virulence genes encoding mammalian cell entry family proteins, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, mycolyltransferase, nitrate reductase subunits, and putative cytotoxin/hemolysin were detected in N. seriolae isolate. Drug sensitivity testing indicated that both A. veronii and N. seriolae isolates were susceptible to kanamycin, streptomycin, gentamycin, neomycin, doxycycline, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin, and resistant to amikacin, cefpimizole, ampicillin, piperacillin, carbenicillin, oxacillin, rifampicin, trimethoprim, vancomycin, meropenem, imipenem and sulfisoxazole. Moreover, serious histopathological changes, such as typical granulomas with necrotic center, cell degeneration and necrosis, hemorrhage and inflammatory cell infiltration, were found in the naturally diseased fish. The LD₅₀ of A. veronii and N. seriolae isolates were 7.94 × 10⁵ CFU/g and 3.16 × 10⁶ CFU/g fish weight, respectively. In addition, the coinfection of A. veronii and N. seriolae induce quick and higher mortality in comparison with those challenged by single bacteria. These results revealed that both A. veronii and N. seriolae participated in the disease outbreaks of the M. salmoides, and concurrent of those two bacteria synergistically exacerbate the disease severity.

01 Apr 1998·Journal of Chromatography

High-performance liquid chromatographic methods for the determination of cefpimizole in plasma and urine

Article

Author: J.M. Wozniak ; D.B. Lakings

Quantitative analytical methods have been defined for the determination of cefpimizole, a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic, in plasma and urine specimens. The methods employ ion-pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with both ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide as pairing agents for separation and ultraviolet detection at 254 nm. Sample preparation for plasma aliquots consisted of acetonitrile protein precipitation followed by phase separation; the aqueous phase was filtered and assayed. For urine, sample preparation consisted of diluting an aliquot with chromatographic eluent, filtering, and assaying. The methods had a linear range of 17-0.3 micrograms/ml for plasma and 800-15 micrograms/ml for urine and had sufficient precision and accuracy to provide quantitative data. Stability studies in plasma and urine indicated that cefpimizole degraded rapidly at room temperature. Addition of EDTA to the physiological fluid substantially increased the stability at room temperature, and little or no degradation was observed in plasma or urine stored at -30 degrees C for over 100 days. Utility of the methods was demonstrated by assaying plasma and urine specimens obtained from a human volunteer receiving three dose levels. Estimates of various pharmacokinetic parameters are presented.

01 Jan 1998·Journal of ChemotherapyQ4 · MEDICINE

Immunopharmacology of Oral Betalactams

Q4 · MEDICINE

Review

Author: Periti, P

Among the oral beta-lactam antibiotics only cefaclor has demonstrated a consistent in vitro and in vivo immunopharmacological effect which favors phagocytic chemotaxis and antimicrobial potential by inducing a T-helper 1 or pro-inflammatory response. Together with cefpimizole, cefaclor significantly reduces the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against some bacterial species when cultured together with a suspension of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, as opposed to some other oral beta-lactams, co-amoxiclav and cefixime, which do not show this effect. The pro-inflammatory component of cefaclor's activity explains the clinical success of this antibiotic in a high percentage of cases, even when laboratory tests indicate in vitro resistance by the pathogen.

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Indication	Highest Phase	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Gonorrhea	Preclinical	-	University of Florida	01 Apr 1988
Meningitis, Pneumococcal	Preclinical	-	University of Florida	01 Mar 1985

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