Cefaloridine

Aflatoxin, the most potent carcinogenic compound produced by Aspergillus flavus, is a common food contaminant.Scientists have developed several methods for removing this toxin along with its source, but could not succeed.Due to its bio-protective nature, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were introduced in this field, but very few LAB strains have the potential to remove toxins.The present study was conducted using Limosilactobacillus fermentum LAB212 (Accession Number MZ359838) having GRAS status for amelioration of toxigenic potential of aflatoxin and our results show a complete detoxification of the toxin.MTT assay of mouse macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) revealed a dose-dependent cell death after aflatoxin treatment and IC50 value of toxin was found to be 500μg/mL, whereas no cell death was found in LAB212 treated aflatoxin and chloroformic extract of LAB212 treated cells sep.Further, western blot anal. confirmed that aflatoxin triggers caspase-mediated intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in mouse macrophage cell at one-third of IC50 dose.Both in vitro and bio-safety assessment tests indicate that the application of LAB212 could efficiently detoxify aflatoxin and can be used as a bio-preservative agent.

Drug-induced kidney injury (DIKI) is the major cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). Renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs) are the primary target sites of DIKI and express transporters involved in renal drug disposition. In the present study, we focused on three-dimensionally cultured human RPTECs (3D-RPTECs) with elevated expression of drug transporters to investigate their utility in DIKI evaluation. Intracellular ATP levels in 3D-RPTECs are reduced by tenofovir and cisplatin that are substrates of an organic anion transporter 1 and an organic cation transporter 2, respectively. In addition, 3D-RPTECs were exposed to 17 and 15 drugs that are positive and negative to RPTEC toxicity, respectively, for up to 28 d. The 20 % decreasing concentration of drugs for ATP amount (EC₂₀) was obtained, and the ratio of EC₂₀ values and clinical maximum concentration (C_max) ≤100 were used as cut-off value to evaluate potential of DIKI. The sensitivities of 3D-RPTECs were 82.4 % and 88.2 % after 7 d and 28 d of drug exposure, respectively, and the specificities were 100 % and 93.3 %, respectively. The predictive performance of 3D-RPTECs was higher than that of two-dimensional cultured RPTECs and the kidney cell line HK-2. In conclusion, 3D-RPTECs are useful for in vitro evaluation of RPTEC injury by measuring intracellular ATP levels.