Topical antifungals for toenail onychomycosis must penetrate the nail to deliver an inhibitory concentration of free drug to the site of infection. In two ex vivo experiments, we tested the ability of topical antifungals to inhibit growth of Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, the most common causative fungi in toenail onychomycosis.

METHODS:

Seven topical antifungals were tested: three U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved products indicated for onychomycosis (ciclopirox 8% lacquer; efinaconazole 10% solution; tavaborole 5% solution) and four over-the-counter (OTC) products for fungal infections (tolnaftate 1% and/or undecylenic acid 25% solutions). The ability to inhibit fungal growth was tested in the presence and absence of keratin. Products were applied either to human cadaverous nails or keratin-free cellulose disks prior to placement on an agar plate (radius: 85 mm) seeded with a clinical isolate of T. rubrum or T. mentagrophytes. After incubation, the zone of inhibition (ZI), defined as the radius of the area of no fungal growth, was recorded.

RESULTS:

In the nail penetration assay, average ZIs for efinaconazole (T. rubrum: 82.1 mm; T. mentagrophytes: 63.8 mm) were significantly greater than those for tavaborole (63.5 mm; 39.1 mm), ciclopirox (7.4 mm; 3.6 mm) and all OTC products (range: 10.5-34.2 mm against both species; all P < 0.001). In the cellulose disk diffusion assay, efinaconazole and tavaborole demonstrated maximal antifungal activity against both species (ZIs = 85 mm); average ZIs against T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes were smaller for ciclopirox (59.0 and 55.7 mm, respectively) and OTC products (range: 31.2-57.8 mm and 25.7-47.7 mm, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS:

Among all antifungals tested, the ability to penetrate human toenails to inhibit growth of both T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes was greatest for efinaconazole, followed by tavaborole. These results indicate superior transungual penetration of efinaconazole compared to the other antifungals, suggesting lower keratin binding in the nail.

01 Sep 2024·CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION

PD-L2 drives resistance to EGFR-TKIs: dynamic changes of the tumor immune environment and targeted therapy

Article

Author: Wang, Simeng ; Chen, Han ; Qin, Mingze ; Jia, Lina ; Li, Yu ; Wu, Chunfu ; Wang, Lihui ; Yang, Jingyu ; Wang, Yidong ; Cui, Wei ; Lai, Jia-Cheng ; Su, Dongliang ; Tang, Chengfang ; Yang, Yuan

There is a lack of effective treatments to overcome resistance to EGFR-TKIs in EGFR mutant tumors. A deeper understanding of resistance mechanisms can provide insights into reducing or eliminating resistance, and can potentially deliver targeted treatment measures to overcome resistance. Here, we identified that the dynamic changes of the tumor immune environment were important extrinsic factors driving tumor resistance to EGFR-TKIs in EGFR mutant cell lines and syngeneic tumor-bearing mice. Our results demonstrate that the acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs is accompanied by aberrant expression of PD-L2, leading a dynamic shift from an initially favorable tumor immune environment to an immunosuppressive phenotype. PD-L2 expression significantly affected EGFR mutant cell apoptosis that depended on the proportion and function of CD8⁺ T cells in the tumor immune environment. Combined with single-cell sequencing and experimental results, we demonstrated that PD-L2 specifically inhibited the proliferation of CD8⁺ T cells and the secretion of granzyme B and perforin, leading to reduced apoptosis mediated by CD8⁺ T cells and enhanced immune escape of tumor cells, which drives EGFR-TKIs resistance. Importantly, we have identified a potent natural small-molecule inhibitor of PD-L2, zinc undecylenate. In vitro, it selectively and potently blocks the PD-L2/PD-1 interaction. In vivo, it abolishes the suppressive effect of the PD-L2-overexpressing tumor immune microenvironment by blocking PD-L2/PD-1 signaling. Moreover, the combination of zinc undecylenate and EGFR-TKIs can synergistically reverse tumor resistance, which is dependent on CD8⁺ T cells mediating apoptosis. Our study uncovers the PD-L2/PD-1 signaling pathway as a driving factor to mediate EGFR-TKIs resistance, and identifies a new naturally-derived agent to reverse EGFR-TKIs resistance.

01 May 2024·Journal of affective disorders

NEFA can serve as good biological markers for the diagnosis of depression in adolescents

Article

Author: Lin, Su-Yan ; Liu, Guan-Xi ; Li, Ze-Lin ; Ning, Yu-Ping ; Yin, Ya-Nan ; Zhou, Yan-Ling ; Luo, Zheng-Yi

BACKGROUND:

The incidence of adolescent depression has markedly risen in recent years, with a high recurrence rate into adulthood. Diagnosis in adolescents is challenging due to subjective factors, highlighting the crucial need for objective diagnostic markers.

METHODS:

Our study enrolled 204 participants, including healthy controls (n = 88) and first-episode adolescent depression patients (n = 116). Serum samples underwent gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis to assess non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) expression. Machine learning and ROC analysis were employed to identify potential biomarkers, followed by bioinformatics analysis to explore underlying mechanisms.

RESULTS:

Nearly all differentially expressed NEFA exhibited significant downregulation. Notably, nonanoic acid, cis-10-pentadecenoic acid, cis-10-carboenoic acid, and cis-11-eicosenoic acid demonstrated excellent performance in distinguishing adolescent depression patients. Metabolite-gene interaction analysis revealed these NEFAs interacted with multiple genes. KEGG pathway analysis on these genes suggested that differentially expressed NEFA may impact PPAR and cAMP signaling pathways.

LIMITATIONS:

Inclusion of diverse populations for evaluation is warranted. Biomarkers identified in this study require samples that are more in line with the experimental design for external validation, and further basic research is necessary to validate the potential depressive mechanisms of NEFA.

CONCLUSIONS:

The overall reduction in NEFA expression in first-episode adolescent depression patients suggests a potential mediation of depression symptoms through cAMP and PPAR signaling pathways. NEFA levels show promise as a diagnostic tool for identifying first-episode adolescent depression patients.

News (Medical) associated with Undecenoic Acid

24 Jun 2022

·www.prnewswire.com

Biobased & Biodegradable Chemicals, Materials, Polymers, Plastics, Paints, Coatings and Fuels - Global Production to 2030

DUBLIN, June 24, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- The 'Global Market for Biobased & Biodegradable Chemicals, Materials, Polymers, Plastics, Paints, Coatings and Fuels 2022' report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering. There is growing consumer demand and regulatory push for bio-based chemicals, materials, polymers, plastics, paints, coatings and fuels with high performance, good recyclability and biodegradable properties to underpin transition towards more sustainable manufacturing and products. Materials from biomass sources include bulk chemicals, platform chemicals, solvents, polymers, and biocomposites. The many processes to convert biomass components to value-added products and fuels can be classified broadly as biochemical or thermochemical. In addition, biotechnological processes that rely mainly on plant breeding, fermentation, and conventional enzyme isolation also are used. New bio-based materials that may compete with conventional materials are emerging continually, and the opportunities to use them in existing and novel products are explored in this publication. The report includes: In depth market analysis of bio-based chemical feedstocks, biopolymers, bioplastics, natural fibers and lignin, and bio-based coatings and paints. Global production capacities, market demand and trends Analysis of bio-based chemical including 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA), 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO), Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA), Epichlorohydrin (ECH), Ethylene, Furan derivatives, 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF), 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (2,5-FDCA), Furandicarboxylic methyl ester (FDME), Isosorbide, Itaconic acid, 5 Hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), Lactic acid (D-LA), Lactic acid - L-lactic acid (L-LA), Lactide, Levoglucosenone, Levulinic acid, Monoethylene glycol (MEG), Monopropylene glycol (MPG), Muconic acid, Naphtha, 1,5-Pentametylenediamine (DN5), 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO), Sebacic acid and Succinic acid. Analysis of synthetic bio-polymers and bio-plastics market including Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA), Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET), Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT), Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF), Polyamides (Bio-PA), Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT), Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers, Polyethylene (Bio-PE), Polypropylene (Bio-PP) Analysis of naturally produced bio-based polymers including Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), Polysaccharides, Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC), Cellulose nanocrystals, Cellulose nanofibers, Protein-based bioplastics, Algal and fungal. Analysis of types of natural fibers including plant fibers, animal fibers including alternative leather, wool, silk fiber and down and polysaccharides. Markets for natural fibers, including composites, aerospace, automotive, construction & building, sports & leisure, textiles, consumer products and packaging. Production capacities of lignin producers. In depth analysis of biorefinery lignin production. Analysis of the market for bio-based, sustainable paints and coatings. Analysis of types of bio-coatings and paints market. Including Alkyd coatings, Polyurethane coatings, Epoxy coatings, Acrylate resins, Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA), Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), Cellulose, Rosins, Biobased carbon black, Lignin, Edible coatings, Protein-based biomaterials for coatings, Alginate etc. Profiles of over 770 companies. Key Topics Covered: 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.1 Market trends 1.2 Global production to 2030 1.3 Main producers and global production capacities 1.3.1 Producers 1.3.2 By biobased and sustainable plastic type 1.3.3 By region 1.4 Global demand for biobased and sustainable plastics 2020-21, by market 1.5 Impact of COVID-19 crisis on the bioplastics market and future demand 1.6 Challenges for the biobased and sustainable plastics market 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3 THE GLOBAL PLASTICS MARKET 3.1 Global production 3.2 The importance of plastic 3.3 Issues with plastics use 4 BIO-BASED CHEMICALS 5 BIOPOLYMERS AND BIOPLASTICS 5.1 Bio-based or renewable plastics 5.2 Biodegradable and compostable plastics 5.3 Advantages and disadvantages 5.4 Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics 5.5 Market leaders by biobased and/or biodegradable plastic types 5.6 Regional/country production capacities, by main types 5.7 Synthetic Bio-Based Polymers 5.8 Natural Bio-Based Polymers 5.9 Production of Biobased and Sustainable Plastics, by Region 5.10 Market Segmentation of Bioplastics 5.11 Bio-Based Chemicals, Biopolymers and Bioplastics Company Profiles 6 NATURAL FIBERS 6.1 Manufacturing method, matrix materials and applications of natural fibers 6.2 Advantages of natural fibers 6.3 Plants (cellulose, lignocellulose) 6.4 Animal (fibrous protein) 6.5 Markets for Natural Fibers 6.6 Natural Fibers Global Production 6.7 Natural Fiber Company Profiles 7 LIGNIN 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Lignin Production Processes 7.3 Markets for Lignin 7.4 Company profiles 8 BIOBASED AND RENEWABLE FUELS 8.1 Biofuels 8.2 Electrofuels (E-Fuels) 8.3 Green Ammonia 8.4 Company profiles 9 BIO-BASED PAINTS AND COATINGS 9.1 The global paints and coatings market 9.2 Bio-based paints and coatings 9.3 Challenges using bio-based paints and coatings 9.4 Types of bio-based coatings and materials 9.5 Market for bio-based paints and coatings 9.6 Company profiles Companies Mentioned Oji Holdings Zelfo Technology GmbH Fischer-Tropsch Dulux For more information about this report visit About ResearchAndMarkets.com ResearchAndMarkets.com is the world's leading source for international market research reports and market data. We provide you with the latest data on international and regional markets, key industries, the top companies, new products and the latest trends. Media Contact: Research and Markets Laura Wood, Senior Manager [email protected] For E.S.T Office Hours Call +1-917-300-0470 For U.S./CAN Toll Free Call +1-800-526-8630 For GMT Office Hours Call +353-1-416-8900 U.S. Fax: 646-607-1907 Fax (outside U.S.): +353-1-481-1716 SOURCE Research and Markets

100 Deals associated with Undecenoic Acid

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Indication	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Tinea Pedis	CN	Hubei Kangyuan Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.	-

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