Lithium gamolenate

An 8-wk feeding trial was conducted to assess the potential of BSFO as a FO substitute for black seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) juveniles (2.29 ± 0.01 g).Five diets were formulated to contain different replacement of FO with BSFO: 20 % BSFO (BSFO20), 40 % BSFO (BSFO40), 60 % BSFO (BSFO60) and 80 % BSFO (BSFO80), resp.The results indicated that there were no significant differences in FW, PWG and SGR in BSFO20 compared to the FO group (P > 0.05).However, FW, PWG and SGR significantly decreased with dietary replacement of FO with BSFO increasing from 20 % to 80 % (P < 0.05).Paraffin sections of the liver showed a significant increase in vacuolar area in fish fed with the BSFO60 and BSFO80 groups (P < 0.05).Serum ALT and AST levels significantly increased with the increase of dietary replacement of FO with BSFO (P < 0.05).The relative expression of pparα and its downstream lipolysis-related genes (lpl, hsl) were significantly up-regulated, moreover, the relative expression of srebp-1c and fas in liver were dramatically up-regulated with the increase of dietary replacement of FO with BSFO (P < 0.05).In addition, fish in the BSFO60 group exhibited significantly higher concentrations of MDA in the liver compared to those fed the control diet (P < 0.05).The expression levels of Cu-Zn sod and Mn sod in the liver were significantly down-regulated in fish fed the BSFO80 diet compared to the FO group (P < 0.05).The expression levels of tlr1 and tlr2 were up-regulated in fish fed with BSFO80 group and were significantly higher than those fed with the control diet (P < 0.05).When dietary 80 % of FO replaced by BSFO, the expression of myd88, tab3, map2k7 and ap-1 levels were significantly up-regulated.However, the expression level of iκbα was significantly lower compared to the control diet (P < 0.05).In addition, the expression levels of nf-κb, jnk, their downstream pro-inflammatory factor-related genes (il-18, tnf-α and il-1β) and pro-apoptotic genes (bax, caspase 7, caspase 9) were significantly up-regulated with the increase of dietary replacement of FO with BSFO, the expression levels of the anti-inflammatory genes il-10 and the anti-apoptotic gene bcl-2 were significantly down-regulated (P < 0.05).In conclusion, the results of present study indicated that dietary 20 % replacement of FO with BSFO had no neg. effect on the growth performance of juvenile black seabream.However, when the substitution level was higher than 20 %, the activation of pparα/srebp-1c and tlrs/myd88 pathways and their downstream pathways related to inflammation and apoptosis genes can lead to liver lipid deposition, inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis, resp., thereby inhibiting the growth performance and causing liver damage of juvenile black seabream.