Pirmagrel

We and others have previously observed an imbalance in cytotrophoblast secretion of the vasoactive prostanoids prostacyclin and thromboxane A(2) in pre-eclampsia. To examine the effects of potential modulators of this imbalance, cytotrophoblasts isolated from normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancies were incubated in the presence of lipopolysaccharide, the calcium ionophore A23187, tumour necrosis factor alpha, or interleukin 1beta, with or without the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin. Further incubations included the drugs tranylcypromine, a prostacyclin synthetase inhibitor (0.1, 10 microM ), or the thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, pirmagrel (0.001, 1 microM ). Results showed that cytotrophoblasts from pre-eclamptic pregnancies had increased thromboxane production and significant stimulation of prostacyclin production by lipopolysaccharide and calcium ionophore. Lipopolysaccharide stimulated thromboxane production in normal cytotrophoblasts, while indomethacin almost completely inhibited production of both prostanoids. Tranylcypromine mildly inhibited prostacyclin production in normal cytotrophoblasts only, whereas pirmagrel strongly inhibited thromboxane production in a dose-related manner, with reciprocal increase in prostacyclin production occurring in cytotrophoblasts from pre-eclamptic pregnancies. This study confirmed that cytotrophoblasts from pre-eclamptic women had increased thromboxane production and showed that pirmagrel, at the relatively low dose of 0.001 microM, was able to normalize the imbalance of thromboxane and prostacylin production and may therefore warrant further investigation as a treatment for pre-eclampsia.

Abstract—Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is thought to promote arteriosclerosis and peripheral arterial disease, in part by impairing the function of endothelium. Because flow-induced dilation is mediated by the endothelium, we hypothesized that HHcy alters this response by interfering with the synthesis/action of NO and prostaglandins. Thus, changes in the diameter of isolated, pressurized (at 80 mm Hg) gracilis skeletal muscle arterioles (diameter ≈170 μm) from control and methionine diet–induced HHcy rats were investigated with videomicroscopy. Increases in intraluminal flow (from 0 to 25 μL/min) resulted in dilations of control arterioles (maximum, 34±4 μm). In contrast, increases in flow elicited constrictions of HHcy arterioles (−36±3 μm). In control arterioles, the NO synthase inhibitorNω-nitro-l-arginine-methyl ester significantly attenuated (≈50%) dilation, whereas the additional administration of indomethacin, an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, eliminated flow-induced dilation. In the arterioles of HHcy rats, flow-induced constriction was not affected byNω-nitro-l-arginine-methyl ester, whereas it was abolished by indomethacin or the prostaglandin H2/thromboxane A2(TXA2) receptor antagonist SQ 29,548 or the TXA2synthase inhibitor CGS 13,080. Thus, in HHcy, increases in intraluminal flow elicit constrictions of skeletal muscle arterioles due to the impaired NO and enhanced TXA2mediation of the response, alterations that likely contribute to the development of peripheral arterial disease.