Gestodene

Earlier findings on the relationship between use of hormonal contraception (HC) and depressive symptoms and disorders are contradictory. Thus, we assessed the associations of use of different types of systemic hormonal contraceptives in the six preceding months with the risk of depression in women aged 15–49 years. Data were obtained from national registers in Finland. All cases of depression in the years 2018–2019 were identified in a population-based cohort of women. We used a nested case-control design with 1:4 ratio (n = 117,360 cases) and applied multivariable conditional logistic regression models. During the follow-up a total of 23,480 new cases with the diagnosis of depression were observed (incidence rate: 21.7, 95% confidence interval = 21.5–22.0 per 1000 person-years). Use of HC in the six preceding months, specifically that of combined hormonal contraceptives (containing gestodene and ethinylestradiol, drospirenone and ethinylestradiol, and nomegestrol and estradiol), was significantly associated with a lower risk of depression compared to non-use when controlling for marital status, socioeconomic status, education, recent delivery, recent psychiatric hospitalization, chronic diseases, use of psychiatric medications (excluding antidepressants) and former use of HC (odds ratio: 0.90, 95% confidence interval = 0.85–0.95; 0.86, 95% confidence interval = 0.81–0.91, respectively). Current use of progestogen-only preparations (norethisterone, levonorgestrel, desogestrel) was not associated with depression. This pattern was evident in all age groups, including adolescent girls. HC use appeared not associated with an increased risk of depression in fertile-aged women and across all age groups, including adolescent girls.

Organic micropollutants (OMPs) in reclaimed water have been frequently detected over the past decades, posing significant risks to ecosystems and human health. Given the complexity of these pollutants and the differences in their risk and toxicity, current assessments remain incomplete. This study conducted a large-scale investigation of OMPs in reclaimed water across China and developed a comprehensive multi-criteria integrated scoring method based on OMP toxicity and exposure potential. This method aims to protect aquatic organisms and human health by screening and prioritizing OMPs in reclaimed water, classifying their priority levels, and creating a prioritized control list. The study quantified OMP exposure potential, environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and impacts on ecology and human health. The survey detected 369 OMPs from 11 chemical classes, with 325 compounds passing pre-selection. According to the prioritization scheme, 29 OMPs were identified as high priority, 171 as medium priority, and 125 as low priority. The BPs and Other Industrial Chemicals categories had the highest average maximum concentrations, followed by HPCCs and PAEs. High-priority pollutants were dominated by PAHs and PCBs, each comprising 31.03 %. Medium- and low-priority groups were mainly composed of Pesticides. PAHs and PCBs showed higher risk quotients, indicating significant ecological risks, while PCB 126, BaP, and PFOA exhibited high toxicity and potential health risks. This study provides valuable information for controlling priority pollutants in Chinese reclaimed water and establishes a foundation for OMP risk management. Future research should intensify monitoring to ensure the safe and sustainable use of water resources.