MK-212

Epilepsy is a common neurological condition that affects over 65 million people worldwide. Despite an increasing number of anti-seizure medications being made available, many patients do not find seizure freedom with medication. The leading cause of death in this refractory population is sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Both human and animal research has implicated serotonin (5-HT) in modulating seizure proclivity, severity, and mortality. More recently, evidence has pointed to the 5-HT_2C receptor as a salient target for investigating the mechanisms of seizure facilitation and mortality. Various seizures models have been used previously to assess the role of the 5-HT_2C receptor in seizure expression and morphology. However, limbic kindling models have been underutilized in this endeavor. We used the selective 5-HT_2C receptor agonist MK-212 to examine the effect of 5-HT_2C receptor activation in amygdala kindled mice. C57BL/6J mice were instrumented with an EEG/EMG headmount and a bipolar electrode in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). The animals then received vehicle or MK-212 (10, 30 mg/kg) prior to seizure induction. 12.5% of WT animals that received 10 mg/kg MK-212 experienced seizure-induced respiratory arrest and died following seizure induction. When the dose was raised to 30 mg/kg, 100% of the animals succumbed following a seizure. These fatal seizures persisted when the same doses of MK-212 were administered to mice lacking the 5-HT_2C receptor. This suggests that a non-5-HT_2C mediated effect of MK-212 facilitates seizure-induced death in a dose-dependent manner. While amygdala kindling is not a model that is traditionally associated with seizure-induced death, these results suggest that there are circuits that, when recruited, will cause death following kindled seizures. Uncovering these circuits will both deepen our understanding of the amygdala kindling model and provide a new technique for researchers to test novel therapeutic interventions to lessen SUDEP risk.

Periodontitis is a prevalent oral disease that can significantly impact patients' life quality and systemic health. However, non-surgical subgingival scaling is largely compromised due to poor patient compliance, leading to a high recurrence rate of periodontitis. Therefore, this research aims to explore new approaches to enhance the effectiveness of existing local drug administration therapies.

Gelatin-oxidized dextran hydrogel loaded with calcium peroxide and penicillin (CP-P hydrogel) was synthesized and characterized using Universal mechanical testing machine, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, swelling test, and dissolved oxygen meter. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity, osteogenic ability, antibacterial behavior, and alveolar bone regenerating capability of CP-P hydrogel were conducted both in vitro and in vivo.

The CP-P hydrogel demonstrated excellent mechanical properties, minimal swelling, and ideal biocompatibility. It created more favorable environments in the periodontal pocket by reversing anaerobic environment, eliminating drug-resistant bacteria and enhancing the therapeutic potency of drugs. By continuously releasing drugs in the periodontal pocket, the CP-P hydrogel effectively inhibited bacteria and reduce local inflammation response. In addition to bacteriostatic effects, the CP-P hydrogel also promoted the expression of osteogenic genes and enhanced osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs in vitro.

CP-P hydrogel can be developed as a new therapeutic platform to enhance the effectiveness of local drug administration strategy against periodontitis.