MK-212

Epilepsy is a common neurological condition that affects over 65 million people worldwide. Despite an increasing number of anti-seizure medications being made available, many patients do not find seizure freedom with medication. The leading cause of death in this refractory population is sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Both human and animal research has implicated serotonin (5-HT) in modulating seizure proclivity, severity, and mortality. More recently, evidence has pointed to the 5-HT_2C receptor as a salient target for investigating the mechanisms of seizure facilitation and mortality. Various seizures models have been used previously to assess the role of the 5-HT_2C receptor in seizure expression and morphology. However, limbic kindling models have been underutilized in this endeavor. We used the selective 5-HT_2C receptor agonist MK-212 to examine the effect of 5-HT_2C receptor activation in amygdala kindled mice. C57BL/6J mice were instrumented with an EEG/EMG headmount and a bipolar electrode in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). The animals then received vehicle or MK-212 (10, 30 mg/kg) prior to seizure induction. 12.5% of WT animals that received 10 mg/kg MK-212 experienced seizure-induced respiratory arrest and died following seizure induction. When the dose was raised to 30 mg/kg, 100% of the animals succumbed following a seizure. These fatal seizures persisted when the same doses of MK-212 were administered to mice lacking the 5-HT_2C receptor. This suggests that a non-5-HT_2C mediated effect of MK-212 facilitates seizure-induced death in a dose-dependent manner. While amygdala kindling is not a model that is traditionally associated with seizure-induced death, these results suggest that there are circuits that, when recruited, will cause death following kindled seizures. Uncovering these circuits will both deepen our understanding of the amygdala kindling model and provide a new technique for researchers to test novel therapeutic interventions to lessen SUDEP risk.

Chrysophyta polysaccharide (CPP) exhibits immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties. However, its potential to alleviate colitis remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the effects of CPP on colitis and its underlying mechanisms. CPP was administered at three doses: H-CPP (100 mg/kg/day), M-CPP (50 mg/kg/day), and L-CPP (25 mg/kg/day). Treatment with H-CPP and M-CPP significantly up-regulated tight junction proteins, inhibited epithelial cell apoptosis, regulated oxidative stress, and alleviated colitis. H-CPP and M-CPP treatments inhibited the NF-κB pathway and modulated TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-1β. Furthermore, H-CPP treatment improved the gut microbiota by increasing Akkermansia and Bifidobacterium while decreasing Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Escherichia-Shigella, Dorea, and Parabacteroides. Simultaneously, H-CPP treatment promoted the production of Acetovanillone and L-Tryptophan. Therefore, in a dose-dependent manner, CPP reduces the severity of colitis by regulating cytokines, protecting intestinal mucosal barrier, promoting beneficial metabolites, and regulating gut microbiota. These findings will enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the health-regulating effects of CPP and the development of dietary supplements targeting colitis, with significant economic and social implications.