Last update 21 Nov 2024

Codeine Sulfate

Last update 21 Nov 2024

Overview

R&D Status

Clinical Result

Translational Medicine

Overview

Basic Info

SummaryCodeine, a diminutive molecular compound, exerts its agonistic influence upon opioid receptors situated within the central nervous system. These receptor bindings have the consequential effect of engendering an array of variously potentiated pharmacological repercussions, most notably inclusive of analgesia and sedation. Invariably, this drug is ubiquitously leveraged in the management of moderate to severe pain, especially within clinical scenarios where less efficacious non-opioid analgesics do not suffice. Conceived and marketed by the Hikma Pharmaceuticals International Ltd., Codeine triumphantly garnered its inaugural regulatory endorsement in 2009. However, despite its overwhelming acceptance as an analgesic of preeminent standing, the expeditious recourse to Codeine is not without its associated drawbacks, notably the proclivity for consequential undesirable effects, inter alia, respiratory depression, constipation, and addiction. Ergo, its prescription is constrained to those cases where alternative pain relief modalities have failed to yield favorable outcomes.

Drug Type

Small molecule drug

Synonyms

Codeine sulfate (USP), Codeine sulfate trihydrate

Target

μ opioid receptor

Mechanism

μ opioid receptor agonists(Mu opioid receptor agonists)

Therapeutic Areas

Nervous System Diseases

Active Indication

Pain

Inactive Indication

Pain, Procedural

Originator Organization

West-Ward Pharmaceutical Corp.

Active Organization

Hikma Pharmaceuticals International Ltd.

Inactive Organization

Roxane Laboratories, Inc.

Drug Highest PhaseApproved

First Approval Date

US (16 Jul 2009),

Pain

Regulation-

Structure

Molecular FormulaC36H50N2O13S

InChIKeyBOLDZXRCJAJADM-AAXBYHQXSA-N

CAS Registry6854-40-6

View All Structures (3)

Clinical Trials associated with Codeine Sulfate

CTIS2024-512673-28-00 / Recruiting

Double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over MRI study to evaluate the effect of naloxegol and codeine on gastrointestinal motility and volumes

Start Date28 Oct 2024

Sponsor / Collaborator

UZ Leuven

NCT03478423 / TerminatedNot ApplicableIIT

A Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial of Opioid Analgesics for the Management of Acute Fracture Pain in Adults Discharged From the Emergency Department

Background: Emergency department (ED) providers are frequently challenged with how best to treat acute pain, specifically when non-opioid analgesics are insufficient or contraindicated. Studies have documented older patients presenting to the ED with painful conditions are less likely to receive pain medications than younger patients, and this inadequate pain control has been associated with increased risk of delirium and longer hospital stays. Given the concerns for drug interactions, adverse side effects, over-sedation and addiction; emergency physicians often report uncertainty regarding the ideal choice of opioid analgesic in older adults. There are no guidelines informing best practice for the management of acute pain in this population.
Objective: The primary objective is to compare the efficacy of codeine, oxycodone and hydromorphone for acute fracture pain in patients discharged from the ED.
Methods: This will be a blinded, randomized controlled trial of adults (age ≥ 18) discharged home from the ED with acute pain secondary to an upper extremity, lower extremity, rib, pelvic or vertebral compression fracture. Patients will be randomized to receive a 3-day supply of codeine, oxycodone or hydromorphone. Patients will also be given acetaminophen. Patients will be contacted by phone or email 3 days following their ED visit. The primary outcome will be differences in pain scores at 3 days assessed using the validated Brief Pain Inventory (Short Form). Secondary outcomes will include side effects (ie: confusion, constipation), adverse events (i.e, falls, healthcare visits) and pain interference with daily activity. Patients, physicians and all research staff will be blinded to group allocation.
Importance: All analgesics (including opioids) prescribed to adults are associated with an increased risk of adverse events. This study seeks to inform ED providers of opioid efficacy, side effects and patient-important, functional outcomes in this growing patient population.

Start Date05 Feb 2018

Sponsor / Collaborator

Mount Sinai Hospital (Canada)

NCT03173456 / CompletedPhase 2IIT

Comparing the Efficacy of Five Oral Analgesics for Treatment of Acute Musculoskeletal Extremity Pain in the Emergency Department

This study compares the efficacy of five oral analgesics: 5 mg oxycodone + 325 mg acetaminophen, 5 mg hydrocodone + 300 mg acetaminophen, 30 mg codeine + 300 mg acetaminophen, 400 mg ibuprofen + 1000 mg acetaminophen, and 800 mg ibuprofen + 1000 mg acetaminophen for the treatment of patients with acute musculoskeletal pain who present to the Emergency Department (ED).

Start Date28 Nov 2017

Sponsor / Collaborator

Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Inc.

100 Clinical Results associated with Codeine Sulfate

100 Translational Medicine associated with Codeine Sulfate

100 Patents (Medical) associated with Codeine Sulfate

5,698

Literatures (Medical) associated with Codeine Sulfate

01 Jan 2025·Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica

Does cytochrome 2D6 genotype affect the analgesic efficacy of codeine after ambulatory surgery? Prospective trial in 987 adults

Article

Author: Poikola, Satu ; Niemi, Mikko ; von Plato, Hanna ; Harju, Jukka ; Kalso, Eija ; Mattila, Kristiina ; Olkkola, Klaus T. ; Kiiski, Johanna I. ; Kontinen, Vesa

AbstractBackgroundParacetamol–codeine combination tablet is widely used in pain management after day surgery. For safety reasons, its use has decreased in recent years. Codeine is a prodrug metabolised in the liver by the cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) enzyme to morphine that produces the analgesic effect of codeine. CYP2D6 is highly polymorphic, and based on genotypes, individuals can be divided into four categories: poor‐, intermediate‐, normal‐ and ultrarapid metabolisers. Differences in morphine and its metabolite concentrations have been described between different CYP2D6 genotypes following codeine administration. The aim of the study was to investigate the possible effect of CYP2D6 genotype on codeine efficacy and adverse effects in a large cohort of adult patients undergoing ambulatory surgery.MethodsA total of 987 patients scheduled for ambulatory surgery were included in the analyses. Operation types or anaesthesia methods were not limited in the study protocol. All study patients received a fixed dose of paracetamol (1000 mg) and codeine (60 mg) orally for premedication. A blood sample was drawn to identify the genotype of CYP2D6. At home, the first‐line analgesic was paracetamol–codeine combination of 1–2 tablets at 1–3 times per day. Data on the efficacy and side effects of codeine were collected on the day of surgery and the following two postoperative days.ResultsOf the studied patients, 37 (3.7%) were poor CYP2D6 metabolisers, 264 (27%) were intermediate, 623 (63%) were normal and 63 (6.4%) were ultrarapid metabolisers. Activity scores ranged from 0 to 4. CYP2D6 genotype was not associated in a statistically significant manner with postoperative pain, opioid consumption or the adverse effects of codeine, except for constipation at home. Poor CYP2D6 metabolisers reported significantly less severe constipation compared with normal metabolisers (p = .009, OR 0.40, 95% Cl 0.20–0.80).ConclusionCYP2D6 genotype appears to be of minor importance for the analgesic efficacy of oral paracetamol‐codeine combination therapy after ambulatory surgery in adult patients undergoing similar types of surgery as in the present study but it may affect the risk of constipation.

01 Jan 2025·Clinica Chimica Acta

Direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS/MS) for rapid urine opioid detection in a clinical setting

Article

Author: Shang, Emily ; Cassella-McLane, Gina ; Choucair, Ibrahim ; Tran, Minh Nguyet ; El-Khoury, Joe M

BACKGROUND AND AIMSCurrent laboratory methods for opioid detection involve an initial screening with immunoassays which offers efficient but non-specific results and a subsequent liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) confirmation which offers accurate results but requires extensive sample preparation and turnaround time. Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) tandem mass spectrometry is evaluated as an alternative approach for accurate opioid detection with efficient sample preparation and turnaround time.MATERIALS AND METHODSDART-MS/MS was optimized by testing the method with varying temperatures, operation modes, extraction methods, hydrolysis times, and vortex times. The method was evaluated for 12 opioids by testing the analytical measurement range, percent carryover, precision studies, stability, and method-to-method comparison with LC-MS/MS.RESULTSDART-MS/MS shows high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of 6-acetylmorphine, codeine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, naloxone, buprenorphine, norfentanyl, and fentanyl in urine samples. However, its performance was suboptimal for norbuprenorphine, morphine and oxycodone.CONCLUSIONIn this proof-of-concept study, DART-MS/MS is evaluated for its rapid quantitative definitive testing of opioids drugs in urine. Further research is needed to expand its application to other areas of drug testing.

01 Dec 2024·AIDS Care

Childhood sexual trauma and opioid use among older adults living with HIV

Article

Author: Crouch, Elizabeth ; Sunkara, Sravya ; Amoatika, Daniel ; Addo, Prince Nii Ossah ; Kaur, Amandeep ; Brown, Monique J.

Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has been linked to substance use and substance use disorders in adulthood. However, there have been limited studies examining the relationship between CSA and opioid use among older adults living with HIV (OALH). Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the association between CSA and opioid use among OALH (n = 91). Data were obtained from an HIV clinic population in South Carolina using paper-and-pen, and online questionnaires. CSA was operationalized using six questions from the Early Trauma Inventory-Self Report Form (Yes vs. No). Opioid use was self-report of the use of opioids including: heroin, fentanyl, Oxycontin, Vicodin, codeine, morphine (used vs. never used). Nested crude and multivariable logistic regression models adjusting for sociodemographic confounders were used to determine the association between CSA and opioid use. After adjusting for race, gender, age, and education, OALH who were CSA survivors were 21 times more likely to currently use opioids compared to OALH who were not exposed to CSA (adjusted OR: 21.1; 95% CI: 1.78-250.0). The association seen between CSA history and opioid use may be due to unresolved trauma among OALH. Trauma-informed interventions addressing CSA may help to reduce opioid use among OALH.

News (Medical) associated with Codeine Sulfate

13 Nov 2024

·www.globenewswire.com

Intelligent Bio Solutions Announces Positive Results of PK Study, a Key Milestone on Path to FDA 510(k) Submission

PK Study Successfully Demonstrates that Fingerprint Sweat Provides Reliable Sample for Drug Detection FDA 510(k) Clearance Would Enable the Introduction of INBS’ Technology to the US in 2025 NEW YORK, Nov. 13, 2024 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Intelligent Bio Solutions Inc. (Nasdaq: INBS) ("INBS" or the "Company"), a medical technology company delivering intelligent, rapid, non-invasive testing solutions, today announced strong initial results from its Pharmacokinetic (PK) study required for an FDA 510(k) submission. The data from the PK study shows that fingerprint sweat mimics the rate and extent of codeine in blood and saliva. The study successfully demonstrated that fingerprint sweat provides a reliable sample matrix for drug detection, showing quantitative PK data closely aligned to blood, based on statistical comparisons made at the 95% confidence level. "The close correlation of PK parameters in fingerprint sweat and blood highlights its robustness as a sampling approach. While independent data has consistently supported this, our clinical study further reinforces these findings,” said Harry Simeonidis, President and CEO of Intelligent Bio Solutions. “We are very pleased with the PK study results. This data highlights the potential for our technology to achieve widespread adoption in safety-critical industries and beyond, marking a significant achievement as we advance toward FDA clearance in the United States." FDA 510(k) clearance would enable INBS to introduce its innovative drug screening technology to the US market in 2025. The PK study results and other clinical data from the Company's clinical study plan will be submitted as part of the Company's 510(k) submission, expected in the fourth calendar quarter of this year. INBS is well-positioned to meet the increasing demand for drug testing in the United States, particularly in safety-critical industries like construction, mining, and transportation, as well as in law enforcement, drug rehabilitation, and forensic sectors. Results: Average Codeine Values in Whole Blood, Oral Fluid and Fingerprint Sweat1 The study results show that fingerprint sweat is a strong indicator of codeine ingestion. They further validate the ability of INBS' method to provide rapid and reliable drug screening through a simple fingerprint sweat sample without invasive procedures. The PK study, conducted in partnership with Cliantha Research, required a minimum of 36 subjects. The Company successfully recruited 39 healthy adult subjects from diverse backgrounds, including varying genders, ages, and ethnicities. The study compared the levels of opiates detected in fingerprint sweat with those found in blood, oral fluid, and urine samples following the medically supervised administration of codeine. All fingerprint sweat specimens collected using INBS' Intelligent Fingerprinting Drug Screening System, were analyzed by a validated, traceable liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, widely accepted as the gold standard for such studies. About Intelligent Bio Solutions Intelligent Bio Solutions Inc. (NASDAQ: INBS) is a medical technology company delivering innovative, rapid, non-invasive testing solutions. The Company believes that its Intelligent Fingerprinting Drug Screening System will revolutionize portable testing through fingerprint sweat analysis, which has the potential for broader applications in additional fields. Designed as a hygienic and cost-effective system, the test screens for the recent use of drugs commonly found in the workplace, including opiates, cocaine, methamphetamine, and cannabis. With sample collection in seconds and results in under ten minutes, this technology would be a valuable tool for employers in safety-critical industries. The Company’s current customer segments outside the US include construction, manufacturing and engineering, transport and logistics firms, drug treatment organizations, and coroners. For more information, visit: http://www.ibs.inc/ Forward-Looking Statements Some of the statements in this release are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, which involve risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements in this press release include, without limitation, Intelligent Bio Solutions Inc.'s ability to successfully develop and commercialize its drug and diagnostic tests, realize commercial benefit from its partnerships and collaborations, and secure regulatory approvals, among others. Although Intelligent Bio Solutions Inc. believes that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable as of the date made, expectations may prove to have been materially different from the results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Intelligent Bio Solutions Inc. has attempted to identify forward-looking statements by terminology, including "believes," "estimates," "anticipates," "expects," "plans," "projects," "intends," "potential," "may," "could," "might," "will," "should," "approximately" or other words that convey uncertainty of future events or outcomes to identify these forward-looking statements. These statements are only predictions and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors, included in Intelligent Bio Solutions' public filings filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Any forward-looking statements contained in this release speak only as of its date. Intelligent Bio Solutions undertakes no obligation to update any forward-looking statements contained in this release to reflect events or circumstances occurring after its date or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. Company Contact: Intelligent Bio Solutions Inc.info@ibs.incLinkedIn | Twitter Investor & Media Contact: Valter Pinto, Managing DirectorKCSA Strategic CommunicationsPH: (212) 896-1254INBS@kcsa.com 1 Urine results are not included in this chart. Due to the nature of urine sample collection, which depends on an individual's need to urinate, samples cannot be collected at fixed intervals. Therefore, urine specimens were collected on an ad-lib basis as frequently as possible. A photo accompanying this announcement is available at https://www.globenewswire.com/NewsRoom/AttachmentNg/6806ebb4-b738-4c65-b0a0-e6a4c1dc9626

Clinical Result

30 Sep 2024

·www.drugs.com

Guideline Developed for Opioid Prescribing in Children With Acute Pain

MONDAY, Sept. 30, 2024 -- In a clinical practice guideline issued by the American Academy of Pediatrics and published online Sept. 30 in Pediatrics , recommendations are presented for opioid prescribing for acute pain management in children and adolescents in outpatient settings. Scott E. Hadland, M.D., M.P.H., from Harvard Medical School in Boston, and colleagues recommend that acute pain should be treated using a multimodal approach, including appropriate use of nonpharmacologic therapies, nonopioid medication, and opioid medication, when needed. For children and adolescents with acute pain, opioids should not be prescribed as monotherapy. Clinicians should prescribe immediate-release opioid formulations, start with the lowest age- and weight-appropriate doses, and provide an initial supply of five or fewer days when using opioids for acute pain management, unless the pain is related to trauma or surgery with an expected duration of more than five days. Codeine or tramadol should not be prescribed for children younger than 12 years; for adolescents age 12 to 18 years with obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, or severe lung disease; for treating postsurgical pain after tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy in patients younger than 18 years; or for any breastfeeding patient. Caution should be exercised when prescribing opioids for acute pain in children or adolescents who are taking sedating medications. Naloxone should be provided when opioids are prescribed, and patients and families should be counseled on the signs of opioid overdose and how to respond. "For a patient with mild-to-moderate pain, doctors should always start nonopioid medications and treatment," coauthor Rita Agarwal, M.D., from the Stanford University School of Medicine in California, said in a statement. Two authors disclosed ties to the pharmaceutical industry. Clinical Practice Guideline Technical Report Whatever your topic of interest, subscribe to our newsletters to get the best of Drugs.com in your inbox.

27 Sep 2024

·www.globenewswire.com

Intelligent Bio Solutions Concludes In-Clinic Testing for Clinical Study Plan, Advancing Toward FDA 510(k) Submission

NEW YORK, Sept. 27, 2024 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Intelligent Bio Solutions Inc. (Nasdaq: INBS) (“INBS” or the “Company”), a medical technology company delivering intelligent, rapid, non-invasive testing solutions, today announced the successful completion of in-clinic testing proposed to the FDA earlier this year in the Company’s clinical study plan. The clinical studies are a key element of the Company's 510(k) submission, designed to demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of its sweat-based testing method. The studies included a pharmacokinetic (PK) study, which aimed to demonstrate that the measurement of drugs in fingerprint sweat delivers results comparable or superior to other specimen matrices, such as blood, saliva and urine. In addition to the PK study, a method comparison and usability study was conducted to validate the accuracy of the Company's fingerprint sweat drug screening method in the hands of intended users. The clinical phase of the PK study concluded in June 2024, with all laboratory analyses completed and data currently under review. The method comparison and usability studies, carried out across three sites, involved 135 subjects who were randomly dosed with codeine and then tested using the Company's drug screening system. The accuracy of the screening system results will be assessed relative to a traceable, laboratory-based reference method. “Executing these clinical studies required diligence and collaboration across multiple functions within Intelligent Bio Solutions and our CRO partners, CenExel and Cliantha,” said Daniel Brown, Head of Clinical Affairs at INBS. “Completion of these in-clinic studies marks a significant achievement for our team and brings us closer to our goal of obtaining FDA 510(k) Notification clearance,” said Harry Simeonidis, President and CEO at INBS. “The early feedback on results from these studies demonstrates the potential of our fingerprint-based testing method to provide a non-invasive, reliable alternative to traditional drug testing methods and address the needs of diverse sectors, including workplaces and government agencies.” With the in-clinic testing phase now complete, INBS is preparing for the next steps in its FDA submission process. Achieving FDA clearance will enable the Company to market its product as a clinically validated tool, paving the way for adoption in the US and potentially transforming the landscape of drug screening. The Company expects clinical data analysis to be completed in the fourth calendar quarter of 2024 and to submit the 510(k) package during the same quarter. About Intelligent Bio Solutions Inc. Intelligent Bio Solutions Inc. (NASDAQ: INBS) is a medical technology company delivering innovative, rapid, non-invasive testing solutions. The Company believes that its Intelligent Fingerprinting Drug Screening System will revolutionize portable testing through fingerprint sweat analysis, which has the potential for broader applications in additional fields. Designed as a hygienic and cost-effective system, the test screens for the recent use of drugs commonly found in the workplace, including opiates, cocaine, methamphetamine, and cannabis. With sample collection in seconds and results in under ten minutes, this technology would be a valuable tool for employers in safety-critical industries. The Company’s current customer segments outside the US include construction, manufacturing and engineering, transport and logistics firms, drug treatment organizations, and coroners. For more information, visit: http://www.ibs.inc/ Forward-Looking Statements: Some of the statements in this release are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, which involve risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements in this press release include, without limitation, Intelligent Bio Solutions Inc.’s ability to successfully develop and commercialize its drug and diagnostic tests, realize commercial benefit from its partnerships and collaborations, and secure regulatory approvals, among others. Although Intelligent Bio Solutions Inc. believes that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable as of the date made, expectations may prove to have been materially different from the results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Intelligent Bio Solutions Inc. has attempted to identify forward-looking statements by terminology, including “believes,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “plans,” “projects,” “intends,” “potential,” “may,” “could,” “might,” “will,” “should,” “approximately” or other words that convey uncertainty of future events or outcomes to identify these forward-looking statements. These statements are only predictions and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors, included in Intelligent Bio Solutions’ public filings filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Any forward-looking statements contained in this release speak only as of its date. Intelligent Bio Solutions undertakes no obligation to update any forward-looking statements contained in this release to reflect events or circumstances occurring after its date or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. Company Contact: Intelligent Bio Solutions Inc.info@ibs.incLinkedIn | Twitter Investor & Media Contact: Valter Pinto, Managing DirectorKCSA Strategic CommunicationsPH: (212) 896-1254INBS@kcsa.com

Clinical Study

100 Deals associated with Codeine Sulfate

External Link

KEGG	Wiki	ATC	Drug Bank
D03580	Codeine Sulfate	R05DA04	DB00318

R&D Status

Approved

10 top approved records.

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Indication	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Pain	US	Hikma Pharmaceuticals International Ltd.	16 Jul 2009

Developing

10 top R&D records.

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Indication	Highest Phase	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Pain, Procedural	Preclinical	US	Roxane Laboratories, Inc.	01 Apr 2012

Clinical Result

Indication

Phase

Evaluation

View All Results

Study	Phase	Population	Analyzed Enrollment	Group	Results	Evaluation	Publication Date


NCT03173456 (CTgov)	Phase 2	Musculoskeletal Pain \| Acute Pain	600	400 ibuprofen/APAP (400 Ibuprofen/APAP)	lwtamcmnkg(umvvcpiwjv) = ncufnacyhg witxqxhgzp (fanhwugmfn, gcepcuuieu - baeznfxlse) View more	-	01 Feb 2022
				800 ibuprofen/APAP (800 Ibuprofen/APAP)	lwtamcmnkg(umvvcpiwjv) = ippfqqshsa witxqxhgzp (fanhwugmfn, ocmfiidnmf - ohiozhqqqa) View more
DDW2021	Not Applicable	Esophageal Diseases	-	Codeine (60 mg)	pauwiegyup(osdufrudfu) = qvtfcclans cuzeihsrim (olepxhnmmw )	-	23 May 2021
				Placebo	pauwiegyup(osdufrudfu) = fvwqslaxhp cuzeihsrim (olepxhnmmw )
DDW2021	Not Applicable	Esophageal Diseases	-	Codeine (60 mg)	fuahlvedym(pumzsvrokp) = namkimokzu yxgjsramdk (tancnyvfdj )	-	23 May 2021
				Placebo	fuahlvedym(pumzsvrokp) = vnxoimylll yxgjsramdk (tancnyvfdj )
DDW2021	Not Applicable	Esophageal Diseases	-	Codeine (60 mg)	utyzvyjtzm(trjwyiepgr) = xhjommtdmp hbttrhnqvp (rqfjrxfmxa )	-	23 May 2021
				Placebo	utyzvyjtzm(trjwyiepgr) = vmcjpckuzz hbttrhnqvp (rqfjrxfmxa )
DDW2021	Not Applicable	Esophageal Diseases	-	Codeine (60 mg)	wrwvqttotg(nxicmmbrat) = pspijclxzi nulhhalznb (qsxvxgqgta )	-	23 May 2021
				Placebo	wrwvqttotg(nxicmmbrat) = bevkuuruxc nulhhalznb (qsxvxgqgta )
DDW2021	Not Applicable	Esophageal Diseases	-	Codeine (60 mg)	dbdawqtybc(ldydkxjeca) = eyjdradjxs lbhudjypza (pyfrxrednd )	-	23 May 2021
				Placebo	dbdawqtybc(ldydkxjeca) = bxncskwwgd lbhudjypza (pyfrxrednd )
NCT02625753 (Pubmed)	Phase 3	Add-on	40	Codeine plus acetaminophen	lvfzxrnirk(vmlqjjyfad) = No difference was observed in food intake ajlhopjhwe (tohfqmykll ) View more	Positive	01 Jan 2021
				Placebo
EULAR2020	Not Applicable	Osteoarthritis	-	Tramadol	ofyqhlvltv(pqqhfqbdjw) = tcetemfhed ufkuoneyqm (yfasupstqg ) View more	-	03 Jun 2020
				Codeine	ofyqhlvltv(pqqhfqbdjw) = mbopaqzeyq ufkuoneyqm (yfasupstqg ) View more
NCT02295280 (MAD, CTgov)	Not Applicable	Headache	70	Metoclopramide+Diphenhydramine (Metoclopramide IV & Diphenhydramine IV)	jvkbwsquzq(jzqvuthkeb) = dphcrerjfu eykwkmtqul (qfnbyscsmi, ozpdvysiqo - vmcpfruzbg)	-	02 Apr 2018
				Codeine (Codeine)	jvkbwsquzq(jzqvuthkeb) = snxbgjowvl eykwkmtqul (qfnbyscsmi, bngonsonuy - fjbswqaxlw) View more
NCT01267136 (CTgov)	Phase 4	Pain \| Tonsillitis	84	acetaminophen+Codeine (Capital® With Codeine Suspension)	uvzktkpvqg(sqvtzeozpc) = ogdsxywxxq xaxvsnwbqh (wvwgbxduqb, bxgrtiypwv - vxysfgbjsi) View more	-	17 Apr 2014
				Tramadol suspension (Tramadol Suspension)	uvzktkpvqg(sqvtzeozpc) = qfjjckxhof xaxvsnwbqh (wvwgbxduqb, ngxxjbatnc - sxxhdfibbh) View more

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