Levobunolol Hydrochloride

The β‐adrenergic receptor blocking agents are an important class of drug molecules. The present study reports a new chemo and chemo‐enzymatic synthetic process for (RS)‐, (R)‐, and (S)‐bunolol, one of the potent β‐adrenergic receptor blocker. In chemo‐enzymatic process, CAL L4777 lipase was employed for enantioselective kinetic resolution to synthesize the enantiopure (R)‐alcohol and (S)‐ester from the corresponding racemic alcohol. Thereafter, the corresponding (R)‐alcohol and deacylated (S)‐ester were treated with tert‐butylamine to produce (S)‐ and (R)‐bunolol, respectively. In chemical approach, epichlorohydrin (RS‐, R‐, and S‐) was used as a starting material via respective (RS)‐, (S)‐, and (R)‐glycidyl ether as intermediates for synthesis of enantiomeric (RS)‐, (R)‐, and (S)‐bunolol. In comparison between two approaches, it was found that the chemo‐enzymatic process was more effective and resulted in enantiomeric excess of 98% with 35% yield.

Airway neutrophilia has been associated with asthma severity and asthma exacerbations. This study attempted to identify biomarkers, pathogenesis, and therapeutic molecular targets for severe asthma in neutrophils using bioinformatics analysis.

Fifteen healthy controls and 3 patients with neutrophilic severe asthma were screened from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Based on the analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), functional and pathway enrichment analyses, gene set enrichment analysis, protein–protein interaction network construction, and analysis were performed. Moreover, small-molecule drug candidates have also been identified.

Three hundred and three upregulated and 59 downregulated genes were identified. Gene ontology function enrichment analyses were primarily related to inflammatory response, immune response, leukocyte migration, neutrophil chemotaxis, mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, Jun N-terminal kinase cascade, I-kappaB kinase/nuclear factor-κB, and MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Pathway enrichment analyses and gene set enrichment analysis were mainly involved in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, the TNF signaling pathway, leukocyte transendothelial migration, and the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway. Furthermore, 1 important module and 10 hub genes (CXCL8, TLR2, CXCL1, ICAM1, CXCR4, FPR2, SELL, PTEN, TREM1, and LEP) were identified in the protein–protein interaction network. Moreover, indoprofen, mimosine, STOCK1N-35874, trapidil, iloprost, aminoglutethimide, ajmaline, levobunolol, ethionamide, cefaclor, dimenhydrinate, and bethanechol are potential drugs for the treatment of neutrophil-predominant severe asthma.

This study identified potential biomarkers, pathogenesis, and therapeutic molecular targets for neutrophil-predominant severe asthma.