Author: Feizollahi, Ehsan ; Jeganathan, Brasathe ; Thilakarathna, Malinda S. ; Arif, Muhammad Faisal ; Roopesh, M. S. ; Iqdiam, Basheer M. ; Vasanthan, Thava

AbstractWheat (Triticum aestivum) is susceptible to mycotoxin contamination, which can result in significant health risks and economic losses. This research examined the ability of air atmospheric cold plasma (air‐ACP) treatment to reduce pure and spiked T‐2 and HT‐2 mycotoxins’ concentration on wheat grains. This study also evaluated the effect of ACP treatment using different gases on wheat grain germination parameters. The T‐2 and HT‐2 mycotoxin solutions applied on round cover‐glass were placed on microscopy slides and wheat grains (0.5 g) were individually spiked with T‐2 and HT‐2 on their surfaces. Samples were then dried at room temperature (∼24 °C) and treated by air‐ACP for 1 to 10 min. Ten minutes of air‐ACP treatment significantly reduced pure T‐2 and HT‐2 concentrations by 63.63% and 51.5%, respectively. For mycotoxin spiked on wheat grains, 10 min air‐ACP treatment significantly decreased T‐2 and HT‐2 concentrations up to 79.8% and 70.4%, respectively. No significant change in the measured quality and color parameters was observed in the ACP‐treated samples. Wheat grain germination parameters were not significantly different, when treated with ACP using different gases. Air‐ACP treatment and ACP treatment using 80% nitrogen + 20% oxygen improved the germination of wheat grains by 10% and 6%, respectively. This study demonstrated that ACP is an innovative technology with the potential to improve the safety of wheat grains by reducing T‐2/HT‐2 mycotoxins with an additional advantage of improving their germination.Practical ApplicationAtmospheric cold plasma (ACP) technology has a huge potential to degrade mycotoxins in food grains. This study evaluated the efficacy of ACP to reduce two major mycotoxins (T‐2 and HT‐2 toxins) in wheat grains. The results of this study will help to develop and scale‐up the ACP technology for mycotoxin degradation in grains.

Journal of Food Science

Sodium butyrate alleviates T‐2 toxin–induced liver toxicity and renal toxicity in quails by modulating oxidative stress–related Nrf2 signaling pathway, inflammation, and CYP450 enzyme system

Article

Author: Liu, Yang ; He, Yihao ; Cao, Changyu ; Zhu, Xueyan ; Song, Huanni

AbstractT‐2 toxin is a member of class A aspergilloides toxins, one of the most prevalent mycotoxins that contaminate feed and food. Direct ingestion of animals or feed contaminated by T‐2 toxin can cause various animal diseases. Butyrate is an organic fatty acid featuring a four‐carbon chain, which is commonly found in the form of sodium butyrate (NaB). NaB has several biological functions and pharmacological effects. However, the role of sodium butyrate in alleviating T‐2 toxin–induced hepatorenal toxicity has not been explored. In this study, 240 juvenile quails were evenly assigned into 4 groups. The experimental setup comprised four groups: The control group received a standard diet; the toxin group received a diet containing 0.9 mg/kg T‐2 toxin; the butyrate group received a diet containing 0.5 g/kg NaB; and the T‐2 treatment group received a diet containing both 0.9 mg/kg T‐2 toxin and 0.5 g/kg NaB. We evaluated the histopathological changes in the kidney and liver on Days 14 and 28 and explored the molecular mechanisms involving oxidative stress, inflammation, and expression of nuclear xenobiotic receptors (NXRs). Our results showed that T‐2 toxin exposure–induced inflammation in the liver and kidney by activating the oxidative stress pathway and modulating expression of NXRs to regulate related CYP450 isoforms, ultimately leading to histopathological injury in the liver and kidney, whereas sodium butyrate ameliorated this injury. These results offer novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of sodium butyrate in mitigating T‐2 toxin–induced hepatorenal injury in juvenile quails.Practical ApplicationThe mechanisms of T‐2 toxin toxicity have been well described in experimental animals, but studies in birds are limited. With the development of society, the market scale of quails farming has been expanding, and the value of quails meat and eggs is increasing; there is an urgent need to clarify the harm of T‐2 toxin to quails and its mechanism.

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Indication	Highest Phase	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Acute Myeloid Leukemia	IND Application	DE	T-CURX GmbH	-

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