Tofisopam

Neuromedin U (NMU) is a multifunctional neuropeptide implicated in regulation of smooth muscle contraction in the circulatory and digestive systems, energy homeostasis and the stress response, but especially food intake in vertebrates. Recent studies have indicated the possible involvement of NMU in the regulation of psychomotor activity in rodents. We have identified four cDNAs encoding three putative NMU variants (NMU-21, -25 and -38) from the goldfish brain and intestine. Recently, we have also purified these NMUs and the truncated C-terminal form NMU-9 from these tissues, and demonstrated their anorexigenic action in goldfish. However, there is no information on the brain localization of NMU-like immunoreactivity and the psychophysiological roles of NMU in fish. Here, we investigated the brain distribution of NMU-like immunoreactivity and found that it was localized throughout the fore- and mid-brains. We subsequently examined the effect of intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of NMU-21, which is abundant only in the brain on psychomotor activity in goldfish. As goldfish prefer the lower to the upper area of a tank, we developed an upper/lower area preference test in a tank for evaluating the psychomotor activity of goldfish using a personal tablet device without an automatic behavior-tracking device. ICV administration of NMU-21 at 10 pmol g^-1 body weight (BW) prolonged the time spent in the upper area of the tank, and this action mimicked that of ICV administration of the central-type benzodiazepine receptor (CBR) agonist tofisopam at 100 pmol g^-1 BW. These results suggest that NMU-21 potently induces anxiolytic-like action in the goldfish brain.