Aluminum hydroxide

A nanotechnology pioneer has uncovered a transformative approach to harnessing the catalytic power of aluminum nanoparticles by annealing them in various gas atmospheres at high temperatures. Catalysts unlock pathways for chemical reactions to unfold at faster and more efficient rates, and the development of new catalytic technologies is a critical part of the green energy transition. The Rice University lab of nanotechnology pioneer Naomi Halas has uncovered a transformative approach to harnessing the catalytic power of aluminum nanoparticles by annealing them in various gas atmospheres at high temperatures. According to a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Rice researchers and collaborators showed that changing the structure of the oxide layer that coats the particles modifies their catalytic properties, making them a versatile tool that can be tailored to suit the needs of different contexts of use from the production of sustainable fuels to water-based reactions. "Aluminum is an earth-abundant metal used in many structural and technological applications," said Aaron Bayles, a Rice doctoral alum who is a lead author on the paper. "All aluminum is coated with a surface oxide, and until now we did not know what the structure of this native oxide layer on the nanoparticles was. This has been a limiting factor preventing the widespread application of aluminum nanoparticles." Aluminum nanoparticles absorb and scatter light with remarkable efficiency due to surface plasmon resonance, a phenomenon that describes the collective oscillation of electrons on the metal surface in response to light of specific wavelengths. Like other plasmonic nanoparticles, the aluminum nanocrystal core can function as a nanoscale optical antenna, making it a promising catalyst for light-based reactions. "Almost every chemical, every plastic that we use on a day-to-day basis, came from a catalytic process, and many of these catalytic processes rely on precious metals like platinum, rhodium, ruthenium and others," Bayles said. "Our ultimate goal is to revolutionize catalysis, making it more accessible, efficient and environmentally friendly," said Halas, who is a University Professor, Rice's highest academic rank. "By harnessing the potential of plasmonic photocatalysis, we're paving the way for a brighter, more sustainable future." The Halas group has been developing aluminum nanoparticles for plasmonic photocatalysis reactions such as decomposition of dangerous chemical warfare agents and efficient production of commodity chemicals. The newly uncovered ability to modify the surface oxides on aluminum nanoparticles further increases their versatility for use as catalysts to efficiently convert light into chemical energy. "If you're doing a catalytic reaction, the molecules of the substance you're looking to transform will interact with the aluminum oxide layer rather than with the aluminum metal core, but that metallic nanocrystal core is uniquely able to absorb light very efficiently and convert it into energy, while the oxide layer fulfills the role of a reactor, transferring that energy to reactant molecules," Bayles said. The properties of the nanoparticles' oxide coating determine how they interact with other molecules or materials. The study elucidates the structure of this native oxide layer on aluminum nanoparticles and shows that simple thermal treatments -- i.e. heating the particles to temperatures of up to 500 degrees Celsius (932 Fahrenheit) in different gasses -- can change its structure. "The crystalline phase, intraparticle strain and defect density can all be modified by this straightforward approach," Bayles said. "Initially, I was convinced that the thermal treatments did nothing, but the results surprised me." One of the effects of the thermal treatments was to make the aluminum nanoparticles better at facilitating the conversion of carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide and water. "Changing the alumina layer in this manner affects its catalytic properties, particularly for light-driven carbon dioxide reduction, which means the nanoparticles could be useful for producing sustainable fuels," said Bayles, who is now a postdoctoral researcher at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Bayles added that the ability "to use abundant aluminum in place of precious metals could be hugely impactful to combat climate change and opens the way for other materials to be similarly enhanced." "It was relatively easy to do these treatments and get big changes in catalytic behavior, which is surprising because aluminum oxide is famously not reactive -- it is very stable," Bayles said. "So for something that is a little bit more reactive -- like titanium oxide or copper oxide -- you might see even bigger effects." The research was supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-15-1-0022), the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (HDTRA1-16-1-0042), the National Science Foundation (1449500, 1905757, 2239545), the Robert A. Welch Foundation (C-1220, C-1222, C-2065), the Department of Defense SMART Scholarship and Fulbright Colombia-Pasaporte a la Ciencia.

SHIRLEY, N.Y., Oct. 19, 2023 /PRNewswire/ -- American Regent announces the launch and availability of Potassium Phosphates Injection, USP, which is FDA-approved and therapeutically equivalent to Potassium Phosphates .1 Potassium Phosphates Injection, USP is indicated as a source of phosphorus: in intravenous fluids to correct hypophosphatemia in adults and pediatric patients when oral or enteral replacement is not possible, insufficient or contraindicated for parenteral nutrition in adults and pediatric patients when oral or enteral nutrition is not possible, insufficient or contraindicated Continue Reading Potassium Phosphates Injection, USP is available in three presentations "An important part of our company's mission is to assist in mitigating shortages and ensuring supply of critical medications whenever possible. To that end, we are pleased to add Potassium Phosphates Injection, USP to our robust line of products that are formulated, filled, and finished at our US-based manufacturing facilities," stated Joann Gioia, Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer at American Regent, Inc. This product is available for immediate shipment. Customers can order Potassium Phosphates Injection, USP, through their wholesaler/distributor, or by contacting our Customer Support Group at 1-800-645-1706. Potassium Phosphates Injection, USP is supplied as follows: See the following Important Safety Information, in addition to the product's Full Prescribing Information. For additional information, please visit . Potassium Phosphates Injection, USP For intravenous use INDICATIONS AND USAGE Potassium Phosphates Injection is indicated as a source of phosphorus: in intravenous fluids to correct hypophosphatemia in adults and pediatric patients when oral or enteral replacement is not possible, insufficient or contraindicated. for parenteral nutrition in adults and pediatric patients when oral or enteral nutrition is not possible, insufficient or contraindicated. IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION CONTRAINDICATIONS Potassium Phosphates Injection is contraindicated in patients with: hyperkalemia; hyperphosphatemia; hypercalcemia or significant hypocalcemia; severe renal impairment (eGFR less than 30 mL/min/1.73m2) or end stage renal disease. WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS Serious Cardiac Adverse Reactions with Undiluted, Bolus, or Rapid Intravenous Administration : Intravenous administration of potassium phosphates to correct hypophosphatemia in single doses of phosphorus 50 mmol and greater and/or at rapid infusion rates (over 1 to 3 hours) in intravenous fluids has resulted in death, cardiac arrest, cardiac arrhythmia (including QT prolongation), hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and seizures. In addition, inappropriate intravenous administration of undiluted or insufficiently diluted potassium phosphates as a rapid "IV push" has resulted in cardiac arrest, cardiac arrhythmias, hypotension, and death. Administer only after dilution or admixing; do not exceed the recommended infusion rate. Continuous electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring may be needed during infusion. Pulmonary Embolism due to Pulmonary Vascular Precipitates : Pulmonary vascular emboli and pulmonary distress related to precipitates in the pulmonary vasculature have been described in patients receiving admixed products containing calcium and phosphate or parenteral nutrition. If signs of pulmonary distress occur, stop the infusion and initiate a medical evaluation. Hyperkalemia : Potassium Phosphates Injection may increase the risk of hyperkalemia, including life-threatening cardiac events, especially when administered in excessive doses, undiluted or by rapid intravenous infusion. Increased risk in patients with renal impairment, severe adrenal insufficiency, or treated with drugs that increase potassium. Patients with cardiac disease may be more susceptible. Do not exceed the maximum daily amount of potassium or the recommended infusion rate. Continuous ECG monitoring may be needed during infusion. Hyperphosphatemia and Hypocalcemia: Hyperphosphatemia can occur with intravenous administration of potassium phosphates, especially in patients with renal impairment. Hyperphosphatemia can cause the formation of insoluble calcium phosphorus products with consequent hypocalcemia, neurological irritability with tetany, nephrocalcinosis with acute kidney injury and more rarely, cardiac irritability with arrhythmias. Monitor serum phosphorus and calcium concentrations during and following infusion. Aluminum Toxicity : Potassium Phosphates Injection contains aluminum that may be toxic. Patients with renal impairment, including preterm infants, can accumulate aluminum at levels associated with central nervous system and bone toxicity. Hypomagnesemia : Reported in patients with hypercalcemia and diabetic ketoacidosis. Monitor serum magnesium concentrations during treatment. Vein Damage and Thrombosis : Potassium Phosphates Injection must be diluted and administered in intravenous fluids or used as an admixture in parenteral nutrition. It is not for direct intravenous infusion. The infusion of hypertonic solutions into a peripheral vein may result in vein irritation, vein damage, and/or thrombosis. Laboratory Monitoring Monitor serum phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium concentrations during treatment. ADVERSE REACTIONS Adverse reactions include hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and hypomagnesemia. The following clinically significant adverse reactions are described elsewhere in the labeling: Aluminum Toxicity; Hypomagnesemia; Vein Damage and Thrombosis DRUG INTERACTIONS Other Products that Increase Serum Potassium - Administration of Potassium Phosphates Injection to patients treated concurrently or recently with products that increase serum potassium increases the risk of severe and potentially fatal hyperkalemia, in particular in the presence of other risk factors for hyperkalemia. Avoid use of Potassium Phosphates Injection in patients receiving such products. If use cannot be avoided, closely monitor serum potassium concentrations. USES IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS Lactation - Phosphorus and potassium are present in human milk. Administration of the recommended dose of Potassium Phosphates Injection is not expected to cause harm to a breastfed infant. There is no information on the effects of potassium phosphates on milk production. The development and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for Potassium Phosphates Injection and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child or from the underlying maternal condition. Pediatric Use - Because of immature renal function, preterm infants receiving prolonged parenteral nutrition treatment with Potassium Phosphates Injection may be at higher risk of aluminum toxicity. Geriatric Use - Dose selection of Potassium Phosphates Injection for an elderly patient should be cautious, starting at the low end of the dosing range. It may be useful to monitor renal function during treatment. Renal Impairment - Potassium and phosphorus are known to be substantially excreted by the kidney and the risk of adverse reactions to Potassium Phosphates Injection may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Use is contraindicated due to the risk of hyperkalemia in patients with severe renal impairment (eGFR less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2) or end stage renal disease. In patients with moderate renal impairment (eGFR ≥ 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 to < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2), start at the low end of the dosage range and monitor serum potassium, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium concentrations. OVERDOSAGE Hyperphosphatemia - Administration of excessive doses of intravenous potassium phosphates in intravenous fluids and/or at rapid infusion rates has resulted in death, cardiac arrest, cardiac arrhythmia (including QT prolongation), hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, seizures, and tetany. Hyperkalemia - Excessive administration of phosphates given as potassium salts may also cause hyperkalemia. Manifestations of hyperkalemia include: disturbances in cardiac conduction and arrhythmias, including bradycardia, heart block, asystole, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation; hypotension; muscle weakness including paresthesia, muscular and respiratory paralysis. Management - In the event of overdosage, discontinue infusions containing potassium phosphates immediately and institute general supportive measures, including ECG monitoring, laboratory monitoring, and correction of serum electrolyte concentrations, especially potassium, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium. For additional safety information, please see Full Prescribing Information. You are encouraged to report adverse drug events to American Regent, Inc. at 1-800-734-9236 or to the FDA by visiting or calling 1-800-FDA-1088. REF-2383 2/2022 You are encouraged to report adverse drug events (ADEs) to American Regent: T 1.800.734.9236; E [email protected]; F 1.610.650.0170 ADEs may also be reported to the FDA: 1.800.FDA.1088 or Medical Information: T 1.888.354.4855 (9:00 am–5:00 pm Eastern Time, Monday–Friday) medical information outside of normal business hours that cannot wait until the next business day, please call 1.877.845.6371 About American Regent American Regent, Inc.®, a Daiichi Sankyo Group company, is an industry-leading injectable manufacturer. For over 50 years, American Regent has been developing, manufacturing, and supplying quality generic and branded injectables for healthcare providers. For more than 20 years, we have been a leader in IV iron therapy. American Regent is committed to US-based manufacturing. To that end, over the last several years we have made significant investments in expanding and modernizing our manufacturing facilities in Ohio and New York. This expansion will nearly double our capacity and allow us to better serve our customers now and in the future. Speed counts. Flexibility matters. Reliability and quality are paramount. Because patients should never have to wait for the medications they need. For more information, please visit . About Daiichi Sankyo Group Daiichi Sankyo is dedicated to creating new modalities and innovative medicines by leveraging our world-class science and technology for our purpose "to contribute to the enrichment of quality of life around the world." In addition to our current portfolio of medicines for cancer and cardiovascular disease, Daiichi Sankyo is primarily focused on developing novel therapies for people with cancer as well as other diseases with high unmet medical needs. With more than 100 years of scientific expertise and a presence in more than 20 countries, Daiichi Sankyo and its 16,000 employees around the world draw upon a rich legacy of innovation to realize our 2030 Vision to become an "Innovative Global Healthcare Company Contributing to the Sustainable Development of Society." For more information, please visit: . All trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Reference: 1. Orange book: Approved drug products with therapeutic equivalence evaluations. US Food & Drug Administration. Accessed September 19, 2023. PP-PO-US-0008 SOURCE American Regent, Inc.