Efficacy of a novel multi-enzyme feed additive on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut microbiome of weanling pigs fed corn–wheat or wheat–barley-based diet

Article

Author: Johnson, Timothy ; Adeola, Olayiwola ; Velayudhan, Deepak E ; Vinyeta, Ester ; Park, Chan Sol ; Aderibigbe, Ayodeji S

AbstractOne-hundred-and-ninety-two weanling pigs (6.7 kg body weight) were used to evaluate the impact of a carbohydrases-protease enzyme complex (CPEC) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut microbiome. Pigs were assigned to one of the four dietary treatments for 42 d according to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of diet type (low fiber [LF] or high fiber [HF]) and CPEC supplementation (0 or 170 mg/kg diet). The LF diet was prepared as corn–wheat-based diet while the HF diet was wheat–barley-based and contained wheat middlings and canola meal. Each dietary treatment consisted of 12 replicate pens (six replicates per gender) and four pigs per replicate pen. Over the 42-d period, there was no interaction between diet type and CPEC supplementation on growth performance indices of pigs. Dietary addition of CPEC improved (P < 0.05) the body weight of pigs at days 28 and 42 and the gain-to-feed ratio of pigs from days 0 to 14. During the entire experimental period, dietary CPEC supplementation improved (P < 0.05) the average daily gain and gain-to-feed ratio of pigs. There were interactions between diet type and CPEC supplementation on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM; P < 0.01), gross energy (GE; P < 0.01), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF; P < 0.05) at d 42. Dietary CPEC addition improved (P < 0.05) ATTD of DM, GE, and NDF in the HF diets. At day 43, dietary CPEC addition resulted in improved (P < 0.05) apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of NDF and interactions (P < 0.05) between diet type and CPEC supplementation on AID of DM and crude fiber. Alpha diversity indices including phylogenetic diversity and observed amplicon sequence variants of fecal microbiome increased (P < 0.05) by the addition of CPEC to the HF diets on day 42. An interaction (P < 0.05) between diet type and CPEC addition on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index and Unweighted UniFrac distances was observed on day 42. In conclusion, CPEC improved weanling pig performance and feed efficiency, especially in wheat–barley diets, while dietary fiber composition had a more significant impact on fecal microbial communities than CPEC administration. The results of this study underscores carbohydrase’s potential to boost pig performance without major microbiome changes.

22 Aug 2023·Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

International Epidemiology of Carbapenemase-Producing Escherichia coli.

Article

Author: Zhang, Fujie ; Spencer, Maria ; Banerjee, Ritu ; Hill, Carol ; Ge, Lizhao ; Wong, Darren ; Schmidt-Malan, Suzannah ; Eiras, Daniel ; Stryjewski, Martin ; Liu, Zhengyin ; Perez, Federico ; Dhar, Sorabh ; Figueroa, Jairo ; Kim, Angela ; Richter, Susan ; Evans, Scott ; van Duin, David ; Rudin, Susan D. ; Xie, Qing ; Sanchez, Marisa L. ; Dinh, An Q. ; Patel, Gopi ; Abbo, Lilian M. ; Satlin, Michael J. ; Ostrowsky, Belinda ; Panesso, Diane ; Zong, Zhiyong ; Salata, Robert A. ; Tambyah, Paul Ananth ; Munita, Jose M. ; Garcia-Diaz, Julia ; Hanson, Blake ; Arias, Cesar A. ; Boutzoukas, Angelique E. ; Jiang, Jianping ; Yu, Yunsong ; Chew, Kean Lee ; Gallagher, Jason C. ; Xu, Xiaogang ; Henderson, Andrew ; Arias, Rebekka ; Vichez, Samuel ; Li, Linghua ; Chen, Liang ; Peleg, Anton ; Huskins, Charles ; Bonomo, Robert A. ; Giri, Abhigya ; Cober, Eric ; Paterson, David L. ; Alenazi, Thamer ; Weston, Greg ; Desai, Samit ; Kaye, Keith S. ; Manca, Claudia ; Castelnuovo, Valentina Di ; Gao, Hainv ; Li, Lanjuan ; Fowler, Vance G. Jr. ; Gutierrez, Jose Millan Onate ; Ordonez, Karen ; Rydell, Kirsten ; Patel, Robin ; Marimuthu, Kalisvar ; Herc, Erica ; Kalayjian, Robert C. ; Marshall, Steven H. ; McCarty, Todd ; Kanj, Souha S. ; Revolinski, Sara ; Kreiswirth, Barry ; Smitasin, Nares ; Valderrama, Sandra ; Lautenbach, Ebbing ; Wortmann, Glenn ; Reyes, Jinnethe ; Farrell, John J. ; Diaz, Lorena ; Su, Jiachun ; Cross, Heather R. ; Hu, Fupin ; Doi, Yohei ; Kreiswirth, Barry N. ; Komarow, Lauren ; Mendoza, Soraya Salcedo ; Baum, Keri ; Yang, Yang ; Waters, Mary ; Greenwood-Quaintance, Kerry ; Cordova, Ezequiel ; Leroi, Marcel ; Han, Jennifer H. ; Rioseco, Maria ; Anderson, Deverick J. ; Jabbour, Jean Francois ; Salcedo, Soraya ; Tran, Truc T. ; Wang, Minggui ; Montt, Puerto ; Jacob, Jesse T. ; Lok, Judith J. ; Chambers, Henry F. ; Garner, Omai B. ; Fries, Bettina C. ; Eilertson, Brandon

BACKGROUNDCarbapenemase-producing (CP) Escherichia coli (CP-Ec) are a global public health threat. We aimed to describe the clinical and molecular epidemiology and outcomes of patients from several countries with CP-Ec isolates obtained from a prospective cohort.METHODSPatients with CP-Ec were enrolled from 26 hospitals in 6 countries. Clinical data were collected, and isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing. Clinical and molecular features and outcomes associated with isolates with or without metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) were compared. The primary outcome was desirability of outcome ranking (DOOR) at 30 days after the index culture.RESULTSOf the 114 CP-Ec isolates in Consortium on resistance against carbapenems in Klebsiella and other Enterobacterales-2 (CRACKLE-2), 49 harbored an MBL, most commonly blaNDM-5 (38/49, 78%). Strong regional variations were noted with MBL-Ec predominantly found among patients in China (23/49). Clinically, MBL-Ec were more often from urine sources (49% vs 29%), less often met criteria for infection (39% vs 58%, P = .04), and had lower acuity of illness when compared with non-MBL-Ec. Among patients with infection, the probability of a better DOOR outcome for a randomly selected patient with MBL-Ec as compared with non-MBL-Ec was 62% (95% CI: 48.2-74.3%). Among infected patients, non-MBL-Ec had increased 30-day (26% vs 0%; P = .02) and 90-day (39% vs 0%; P = .001) mortality compared with MBL-Ec.CONCLUSIONSEmergence of CP-Ec was observed with important geographic variations. Bacterial characteristics, clinical presentations, and outcomes differed between MBL-Ec and non-MBL-Ec. Mortality was higher among non-MBL isolates, which were more frequently isolated from blood, but these findings may be confounded by regional variations.

29 Jun 2023·Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Cyclopentenylcytosine (CPE-C): In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation as an Antiviral against Adenoviral Ocular Infections.

Article

Author: Gordon, Y Jerold ; Romanowski, Eric G ; Yates, Kathleen A

Adenoviruses are the major cause of ocular viral infections worldwide. Currently, there is no approved antiviral treatment for these eye infections. Cyclopentenylcytosine (CPE-C) is an antiviral that has demonstrated activity against more than 20 viruses. The goals of the current study were to determine the in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity of CPE-C as well as its ocular toxicity. Antiviral activity was evaluated in vitro using standard plaque reduction assays to determine the 50% effective concentrations (EC₅₀s) and in vivo in the Ad5/NZW rabbit ocular replication model. Ocular toxicity was determined in uninfected rabbit eyes following topical ocular application. The in vitro EC50s for CPE-C ranged from 0.03 to 0.059 μg/mL for nine adenovirus types that commonly infect the eye. Ocular toxicity testing determined CPE-C to be non-irritating or practically non-irritating by Draize scoring. In vivo, 3% CPE-C topically administered 4X or 2X daily for 7 days to adenovirus-infected eyes demonstrated effective antiviral activity compared with the negative control and comparable antiviral activity to the positive control, 0.5% cidofovir, topically administered twice daily for 7 days. We conclude CPE-C was relatively non-toxic to rabbit eyes and demonstrated potent anti-adenoviral activity in vitro and in vivo.

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