The active form of vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3, or calcitriol), is a potent mitogen for fibroblasts cultured from rat lungs at postnatal day 4 (P4), during the peak of septation (P3 to P7). In light of the key role of fibroblasts in alveolar septation, the authors conducted studies to measure the extent to which 1,25-(OH)2D3 affects lung maturation in vivo, as well as its ability to influence the stimulatory activity of all-trans retinoic acid (RA). To identify a calcitriol analogue with maximal mitogenic activity and low systemic toxicity, two compounds with reduced calcemic activity (EB1089 and CB1093) and a superagonist (MC1288) were evaluated in neonatal rat lung fibroblast cultures. All 3 analogues were more potent mitogens than 1,25-(OH)(2)D3 itself (MC1288 approximately CB1093 > EB1089 > 1,25-(OH)2D3). In addition, each was more effective than 1,25-(OH)2D3(EB1089 > CB1093 > MC1288 > 1,25-(OH)2D3) in the activation of a vitamin D response element from the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-A gene, whose expression is essential for normal alveolarization. Daily administration of EB1089 to rats 4 to 12 days of age caused an increase in mean alveolar chord length (P < .0001), and also elicited prominent regions of fibroblast hypercellularity, as defined in terms of a vimentin-positive, factor VIII-negative phenotype. EB1089 and RA each induced the expression of 2 important lung structural proteins, collagen and elastin. Regions of fibroblast hypercellularity induced by EB1089 were strongly positive for expression of the alveolarization-relevant growth factors, PDGF-AA and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). These studies demonstrate that 1,25-(OH)2D3 disrupts the overall alveolarization process in the neonatal lung, although it stimulates expression of some proteins associated with lung morphogenesis.

01 May 2006·Transplant InternationalQ2 · MEDICINE

Monotherapy with the vitamin D3 analogue MC1288 does not result in prolonged kidney allograft survival in rhesus monkeys

Q2 · MEDICINE

Article

Author: Jonker, Margreet ; Vierboom, Michel ; 't Hart, Bert ; Johnsson, C.

The active form of vitamin D3, 1,25(OH)2D3, has pronounced immunoregulatory properties and is a potential treatment of immune-based disorders. However, the central role of this hormone in calcium and bone metabolism complicates its long-term use as an immunomodulator. Some newly developed vitamin D3-derived analogues, such as MC1288, have an improved immunoregulatory potential and prolong allograft survival in rodent models. Such compounds might be a valuable component of immunosuppressive treatment regimen in transplantation and autoimmunity. The rhesus monkey provides a useful model for the preclinical validation of new therapeutic strategies for transplantation. The present study shows that MC1288 inhibits both proliferation and interferon-gamma production by rhesus peripheral blood mononuclear cells in a mixed lymphocyte reaction. We have tested the maximum tolerated dose of MC1288 in a rhesus monkey model of kidney transplantation. The observed effects on serum calcium and parathyroid hormone confirm the in vivo activity of MC1288. However, as a monotherapy, MC1288 did not cause prolongation of the kidney allograft survival in rhesus monkeys.

01 Apr 2006·Journal of Biological ChemistryQ2 · BIOLOGY

Vitamin D Receptor Agonists Specifically Modulate the Volume of the Ligand-binding Pocket

Q2 · BIOLOGY

Article

Author: Carsten Carlberg ; Ferdinand Molnár ; Mikael Peräkylä

Existing crystal structure data has indicated that 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1alpha,25(OH)(2) D(3)) and its analogues bind the ligand-binding pocket (LBP) of the human vitamin D receptor in a very similar fashion. Because docking of a ligand into the LBP is a more flexible process than crystallography can monitor, we analyzed 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3), its 20-epi derivative MC1288, the two side-chain analogues Gemini and Ro43-83582 (a hexafluoro-derivative) by molecular dynamics simulations in a complex with the vitamin D receptor ligand-binding domain and a co-activator peptide. Superimposition of the structures showed that the side chain of MC1288, the first side chain of the conformation II of Gemini, the second side chain of Ro43-83582 in conformation I and the first side chain of Ro43-83582 in conformation II take the same agonistic position as the side chain of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3). Compared with the LBP of the natural hormone MC1288 reduced the volume by 17%, and Gemini expanded it by 19%. The shrinking of the LBP of MC1288 and its expansion to accommodate the second side chain of Gemini or Ro43-83582 is the combined result of minor movements of more than 30 residues and major movements of a few critical amino acids. The agonist-selective recognition of anchoring OH groups by the conformational flexible residues Ala-303, Leu-309, and His-397 was confirmed by in vitro assays. In summary, variations in the volume of agonists lead to adaptations in the volume of the LBP and alternative contacts of anchoring OH-groups.

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