Balapiravir hydrochloride

The prevalence of dengue remains a significant global threat to public health with millions of infections reported annually due to the lack of effective treatment options.Natural resources such as plants contain phytochems. with desirable therapeutic effects.For instance, the Indian ginseng, Withania somnifera L. (Solanaceae), contains steroidal lactones, saponins, glycosides, and alkaloids which possessed antiviral activities against various viruses.In this study, docking anal. of seven compounds and phytochems. were performed against the structural and non-structural (NS) proteins of all four dengue virus (DENV) serotypes as well as host cell receptors such as DC-SIGN and CLEC5A.Withanolide A (L5) was selected as the best inhibitor with high binding affinities towards ten targets consisting of DENV structural and NS proteins as well as the CLEC5A receptor.L5 also showed a fair stability with DENV1, DENV2, and DENV3 over a time span of 100 ns via mol. dynamics simulation.L5 demonstrated good drug-likeness properties, a moderate bioavailability score of 0.55, and is predicted to have high gastrointestinal absorptivity.The data from this in silico study revealed the potential of withanolide A to be further developed as an antiviral against dengue.This is the first study to report the in silico analyses of phytochems. derived from W. somnifera L. (Solanaceae) against the viral proteins of DENV1 to 4 and their resp. host cell receptors.

Medicinal plants are a major source of numerous therapeutic agents, and the emergence of pathogenic bacteria has rekindled interest in traditional medicine systems as an alternative approach to overcoming resistance. The dried plant material of four medicinal plants, namely Terminalia arjuna (bark), Terminalia bellirica (fruit), Aegle marmelos (leaves), and Bacopa monnieri (leaves), was powdered, and aqueous extracts were prepared. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was evaluated against three clinically important strains: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli 385. As E. coli 385 was resistant to the broadest spectrum of antibiotics tested, it was classified as (MDR multi-drug resistant). E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium smegmatis (MTTC), and Vibrio alginolyticus (ATCC) were also assessed using the agar well diffusion method for zones of inhibition and minimum inhibitory/bactericidal concentration (MIC/MBC). Clinically important strains were found to be sensitive to the aqueous extract of T. bellerica (19.51 ± 0.61 mm) with MICs ranging from 0.31 to 0.62 mg/ml. The MDR strain was also sensitive to Bellirica monnieri (16.10 ± 0.31 mm) aqueous extract. To determine the potential for a wide range of applications, the antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. The T. arjuna plant extract exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity with the lowest EC50 values for DPPH (1.15 ± 0.061 mg/ml) and ABTS (1.02 ± 0.07 mg/ml). The plant extracts were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and LC-MS/MS.