More than 2000 compounds have been reported from cyanobacteria. The most successful example is dolastatin 10, of which a related compound monomethylauristatin E is used as antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) for Hodgkin lymphoma and systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Recently genome-based analyses by Piel led to the discovery of novel compounds from cyanobacteria. W. H. Gerwick found a potential as anti-SARS-CoV-2 agent in gallinamide A, which was reported as a cathepsin L inhibitor. In our group columbamides were isolated from the marine cyanobacterium Moorena bouillonii. The geometry of the double bond was determined by the coupling constant obtained using non-decoupled heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC). The configuration of chloromethine in a long-chain acyl moiety was determined by the Ohrui method at room temperature using a chiral HPLC column. Columbamide D showed biosurfactant activity. One strain many compounds (OSMAC) is a method to discover new compounds by changing culture conditions. Prior to our experiments, attempts to apply OSMAC in cyanobacteria resulted in the induction or up-regulation of only known compounds. The heat shock culture of the freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa up-regulated a ribosomal peptide argicyclamide C. At the same time, we discovered bis-prenylated and monoprenylated argicyclamides A and B. More recently iron-limited culture produced hydroxylated argicyclamide A. OSMAC and genome-based screening could lead the discovery of unique biologically active compounds from cyanobacteria.

01 Jan 2024·Journal of Neuroscience Research

Blockage of the fractalkine pathway reduces hyperalgesia and prevents morphological glial alterations—Comparison between inflammatory and neuropathic orofacial pain in male rats

Article

Author: da Silva, Cristiane Maria Pereira ; Dias, Diego Bernarde Souza ; Alves, Luiza Clertiani Vieira ; Vale, Mariana Lima ; Gondim, Delane Viana ; Lima‐Júnior, Roberto César Pereira ; Alves, Bruno Wesley de Freitas ; Pereira, Anamaria Falcão ; Lisboa, Mario Roberto Pontes

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the effects of inhibitors of the fractalkine pathway in hyperalgesia in inflammatory and neuropathic orofacial pain in male rats and the morphological changes in microglia and satellite glial cells (SGCs). Rats were submitted to zymosan‐induced arthritis of the temporomandibular joint or infraorbital nerve constriction, and treated intrathecally with a P2X7 antagonist, a cathepsin S inhibitor or a p‐38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor. Mechanical hyperalgesia was evaluated 4 and 6 h following arthritis induction or 7 and 14 days following nerve ligation. The expression of the receptor CX3CR1, phospho‐p‐38 MAPK, ionized calcium‐binding adapter molecule‐1 (Iba‐1), and glutamine synthetase and the morphological changes in microglia and SGCs were evaluated by confocal microscopy. In both inflammatory and neuropathic models, untreated animals presented a higher expression of CX3CR1 and developed hyperalgesia and up‐regulation of phospho‐p‐38 MAPK, which was prevented by all drugs (p < .05). The number of microglial processes endpoints and the total branch length were lower in the untreated animals, but the overall immunolabeling of Iba‐1 was altered only in neuropathic rats (p < .05). The mean area of SGCs per neuron was significantly altered only in the inflammatory model (p < .05). All morphological alterations were reverted by modulating the fractalkine pathway (p < .05). In conclusion, the blockage of the fractalkine pathway seemed to be a possible therapeutic strategy for inflammatory and neuropathic orofacial pain, reducing mechanical hyperalgesia by impairing the phosphorylation of p‐38 MAPK and reverting morphological alterations in microglia and SGCs.

21 Dec 2023·Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics

A cystatin C similar protein from Musa acuminata that inhibits cathepsin B involved in rheumatoid arthritis using in silico approach and in vitro cathepsin B inhibition by protein extract

Article

Author: Chakraborty, Rajkumar ; Aggarwal, Kamal Krishan ; Rangra, Sabita ; Hasija, Yasha

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an auto-immune disease that affects the synovial lining of the joints, causes synovitis and culminates to joint destruction. Cathepsin B is responsible for digesting unwanted proteins in extracellular matrix but its hyper expression could implicate in pathological diseases like RA. Available treatments for RA are classified into non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and steroids, but the severe side effects associated with these drugs is one of concerns and cannot be ignored. Thus, any alternative therapy with minimum or no side effects would be a cornerstone. In our in silico studies a cystatin C similar protein (CCSP) has been identified from Musa acuminata that could effectively inhibit the cathepsin B activity. In silico and molecular dynamics studies showed that the identified CCSP and cathepsin B complex has binding energy -66.89 kcal/mol as compared to cystatin C - cathepsin B complex with binding energy of -23.38 kcal/mol. These results indicate that CCSP from Musa acuminata has better affinity towards cathepsin B as compared to its natural inhibitor cystatin C. Hence, CCSP may be suggested as an alternative therapeutic in combating RA by inhibiting its one of the key proteases cathepsin B. Further, in vitro experiments with fractionated protein extracts from Musa sp. peel inhibited cathepsin B to 98.30% at 300 µg protein concentration and its IC₅₀ was found to be 45.92 µg indicating the presence of cathepsin B inhibitor(s) in protein extract of peel which was further confirmed by reverse zymography.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

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