Author: Masuda, Akio ; Imagama, Shiro ; Bushra, Samira ; Ito, Mikako ; Ohkawara, Bisei ; Ohno, Kinji ; Nakashima, Hiroaki ; Ishiguro, Naoki ; Tomita, Hiroyuki ; Inoue, Taro ; Koshimizu, Hiroyuki ; Kanbara, Shunsuke

Decreased acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clustering compromises signal transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in myasthenia gravis, congenital myasthenic syndromes, and motor neuron diseases. Although the enhancement of AChR clustering at the NMJ is a promising therapeutic strategy for these maladies, no drug is currently available for this enhancement. We previously reported that zonisamide (ZNS), an anti-epileptic and anti-Parkinson's disease drug, enhances neurite elongation of the primary spinal motor neurons (SMNs). As nerve sprouting occurs to compensate for the loss of AChR clusters in human diseases, we examined the effects of ZNS on AChR clustering at the NMJ. To this end, we established a simple and quick co-culture system to reproducibly make in vitro NMJs using C2C12 myotubes and NSC34 motor neurons. ZNS at 1-20 μM enhanced the formation of AChR clusters dose-dependently in co-cultured C2C12 myotubes but not in agrin-treated single cultured C2C12 myotubes. We observed that molecules that conferred responsiveness to ZNS were not secreted into the co-culture medium. We found that 10 μM ZNS upregulated the expression of neuregulin-1 (Nrg1) in co-cultured cells but not in single cultured C2C12 myotubes or single cultured NSC34 motor neurons. In accordance with this observation, inhibition of the Nrg1/ErbB signaling pathways nullified the effect of 10 μM ZNS on the enhancement of AChR clustering in in vitro NMJs. Although agrin was not induced by 10 μM ZNS in co-cultured cells, anti-agrin antibody attenuated ZNS-mediated enhancement of AChR clustering. We conclude that ZNS enhances agrin-dependent AChR-clustering by upregulating the Nrg1/ErbB signaling pathways in the presence of NMJs.

01 Dec 2020·Neurorehabilitation and Neural RepairQ1 · MEDICINE

Agrin Involvement in Synaptogenesis Induced by Exercise in a Rat Model of Experimental Stroke

Q1 · MEDICINE

Article

Author: Wang, Qing Mei ; Zhang, Pengyue ; Huang, Peidong ; Wu, Danli ; Yang, Liqiang ; Jin, Yaju ; Li, Guangxiang

Background Agrin is a proteoglycan that aggregates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on neuromuscular junctions and takes part in synaptogenesis in the development of the central nervous system. However, its effects on neural repair and synaptogenesis after stroke are still unclear. Objective This study aimed to investigate the effects of agrin on neural repair and synaptogenesis after stroke and the effects of exercise on this process in vivo and in vitro. Methods Exercise with gradually increased intensity was initiated at 1 day after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for a maximum of 14 days. Neurological deficit scores and foot fault tests were used to assess the behavioral recovery. Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopic images were used to detect the expression of agrin, synaptogenesis-related proteins, and synaptic density in vivo. In vitro, the ischemic neuron model was established via oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). The lentivirus overexpressed agrin and CREB inhibitor were used to investigate the mechanism by which agrin promoted synaptogenesis. Results Exercise promoted behavioral recovery and this beneficial role was linked to the upregulated expression of agrin and increased synaptic density. Overexpressed agrin promoted synaptogenesis in OGD neuron, CREB inhibitor downregulated the expression of agrin and hampered synaptogenesis in cultured neurons. Conclusions These results indicated that exercise poststroke improved the recovery of behavioral function after stroke. Synaptogenesis was an important and beneficial factor, and agrin played a critical role in this process and could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of stroke and other nervous system diseases.

01 Sep 2020·CirculationQ1 · MEDICINE

Agrin Promotes Coordinated Therapeutic Processes Leading to Improved Cardiac Repair in Pigs

Q1 · MEDICINE

Article

Author: Klett, Katharina ; Baehr, Andrea ; Jurisch, Victoria ; Ferraro, Bartolo ; Hornaschewitz, Nadja ; Bozoglu, Tarik ; Soehnlein, Oliver ; Solyanik, Olga ; Cyran, Clemens ; Tzahor, Eldad ; Bassat, Elad ; Hinkel, Rabea ; Kain, David ; Umansky, Kfir Baruch ; Kupatt, Christian ; Krane, Markus ; Cohen-Rabi, Renee ; Laugwitz, Karl Ludwig

Background:Ischemic heart diseases are leading causes of death and reduced life quality worldwide. Although revascularization strategies significantly reduce mortality after acute myocardial infarction (MI), a large number of patients with MI develop chronic heart failure over time. We previously reported that a fragment of the extracellular matrix protein agrin promotes cardiac regeneration after MI in adult mice.Methods:To test the therapeutic potential of agrin in a preclinical porcine model, we performed ischemia–reperfusion injuries using balloon occlusion for 60 minutes followed by a 3-, 7-, or 28-day reperfusion period.Results:We demonstrated that local (antegrade) delivery of recombinant human agrin to the infarcted pig heart can target the affected regions in an efficient and clinically relevant manner. A single dose of recombinant human agrin improved heart function, infarct size, fibrosis, and adverse remodeling parameters 28 days after MI. Short-term MI experiments along with complementary murine studies revealed myocardial protection, improved angiogenesis, inflammatory suppression, and cell cycle reentry as agrin’s mechanisms of action.Conclusions:A single dose of agrin is capable of reducing ischemia–reperfusion injury and improving heart function, demonstrating that agrin could serve as a therapy for patients with acute MI and potentially heart failure.

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Sarcopenia	Preclinical	CH	Neurotune AG	-

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