Duck viral hepatitis (DVH), mainly caused by duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV), is a highly fatal and rapidly spreading infectious disease of young ducklings that seriously jeopardizes the duck industry worldwide. DHAV type 1 (DHAV-1) is the main genotype responsible for disease outbreaks since 1945, and the disease situation is complicated by the emergence and dissemination of a novel genotype (DHAV-3) in some countries in Asia and Africa. Live attenuated DHAV vaccines are widely used to induce a considerable degree of protection in ducklings. Breeder ducks are immunized with inactivated or/and live DHAV vaccines to achieve satisfactory levels of passive immunity in progeny. In addition, novel characteristics of virus transmission, pathogenicity and pathogenesis of DHAV were recently characterized, necessitating the development of new vaccines and effective vaccination programmes against DVH. Therefore, a systematic dissection of the profiles, strengths and shortcomings of the available DHAV vaccines is essential. Moreover, to further increase the efficiency of vaccine production and administration, the development of next-generation DHAV vaccines using cutting-edge technologies is also required. In this review, based on a comprehensive summary of the research advances in the epidemiology, pathogenicity, and genomic features of DHAV, we focus on reviewing and analysing the features of the commercial and experimental DHAV vaccines. We also propose perspectives for disease control based on the specific disease situations in different countries. This review provides essential information for vaccine development and disease control of DVH.

01 Sep 2020·Infectious Diseases and TherapyQ3 · MEDICINE

MenB-FHbp Vaccine Protects Against Diverse Meningococcal Strains in Adolescents and Young Adults: Post Hoc Analysis of Two Phase 3 Studies

Q3 · MEDICINE

ArticleOA

Author: Srivastava, Amit ; Pregaldien, Jean-Louis ; Absalon, Judith ; O'Neill, Robert E ; Radley, David ; Harris, Shannon L ; Anderson, Annaliesa S ; Maansson, Roger ; Jones, Thomas R ; Eiden, Joseph J ; Ginis, John ; Beeslaar, Johannes ; Perez, John L ; Balmer, Paul

INTRODUCTIONTwo phase 3 studies in adolescents and young adults demonstrated that MenB-FHbp, a meningococcal serogroup B (MenB) vaccine, elicits protective immune responses after 2 or 3 doses based on serum bactericidal antibody assays using human complement (hSBA) against 4 primary and 10 additional diverse, vaccine-heterologous MenB test strains. Lower limits of quantitation (LLOQs; titers 1:8 or 1:16; titers ≥ 1:4 correlate with protection) were used to evaluate responses to individual strains and all 4 primary strains combined (composite response). A post hoc analysis evaluated percentages of subjects with protective responses to as many as 8 strains combined (4 primary plus additional strains).METHODSImmune responses were measured using hSBAs against 4 primary strains in adolescents (n = 1509, MenB-FHbp; n = 898, hepatitis A virus vaccine/saline) and young adults (n = 2480, MenB-FHbp; n = 824, saline) receiving MenB-FHbp or control at 0, 2, and 6 months. Ten additional strains were evaluated in subsets of subjects from approximately 1800 MenB-FHbp recipients across both studies. Percentages of subjects with hSBA titers ≥ LLOQ for different numbers of primary strains or primary plus additional strains combined (7 or 8 strains total per subset) were determined before vaccination, 1 month post-dose 2, and 1 month post-dose 3.RESULTSAcross the panel of primary plus additional strains, at 1 month post-dose 3, titers ≥ LLOQ were elicited in 93.7-95.7% of adolescents and 91.7-95.0% of young adults for ≥ 5 test strains combined and in 70.5-85.8% of adolescents and 67.5-81.4% of young adults for ≥ 7 strains combined. Among adolescents, 99.8%, 99.0%, 92.8%, and 82.7% had titers ≥ LLOQ against at least 1, 2, 3, and all 4 primary strains, respectively; corresponding percentages for young adults were 99.7%, 97.7%, 94.0%, and 84.5%.CONCLUSIONSResults support the ability of MenB-FHbp to provide broad coverage against MenB strains expressing diverse FHbp variants.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov identifiers NCT01830855, NCT01352845.

01 May 2020·Journal of Viral HepatitisQ2 · MEDICINE

Effectiveness of single‐dose administration of inactivated hepatitis A virus vaccination in the Republic of Korea armed forces, 2013‐2016

Q2 · MEDICINE

Article

Author: Jung, Jaehun ; Woo, Hyeong‐Taek ; Im, Jae Hyoung ; Ha, Beomman

AbstractThe Republic of Korea Armed Forces has implemented the hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccination programme with a single‐dose administration schedule in new recruits since 2013. A single‐dose administration was selected for economic feasibility. We analysed the effectiveness of the single‐dose HAV vaccination in a young and healthy population. To measure the effectiveness of the programme, we observed the incidence of HAV between the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. A comparison between the two groups during the vaccine introduction period (2013‐2016) revealed a lower incidence rate of infection in the vaccinated group (3 cases/603 550 person‐years) than in the unvaccinated group (21 cases/1 020 450 person‐years). The effectiveness of single‐dose HAV vaccination was found to be 75.85%.

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