Author: Oliveira, Carlos A F ; Monzani, Paulo S ; Freato, Thiago A ; Rocha, Nathalia R A ; Carvalho, Gabriella B ; Schade, Gabriel M ; Yasui, George S ; Barbosa, Admilson C ; Lázaro, Talita M ; Filho, José T ; Senhorini, José A

Herbicides are used in agriculture to control harmful crop weeds, prevent algae proliferation, and enhance macrophyte growth. Herbicide contamination of water bodies might exert toxic effects on fish in different development stages. Sperm, embryos, and adults of Astyanax altiparanae were used as a model to examine the detrimental effects of the following herbicide formulations: Roundup Transorb® (glyphosate), Arsenal® NA (imazapyr), and Reglone® (diquat). The lethal concentration 50 (LC₅₀) values for adults using glyphosate and imazapyr were 3.14 mg/L and 4.59 mg/L, respectively, while the LC₅₀ was higher than 28 mg/L for diquat. For the initial stages of embryo development, LC₅₀ values were 16.52 mg/L glyphosate, 9.33 mg/L imazapyr, and 1084 mg/L diquat. Inhibition of sperm motility was noted at 252 mg/L glyphosate, 137 mg/L imazapyr, and 11,300 mg/L diquat, with an average sperm viability of 12.5%, 73.2%, and 89.3%, respectively, compared to 87.5% detected to control. A. altiparanae exhibited different sensitivities to the herbicide formulations investigated in the developmental stages evaluated. Roundup Transorb® exposure was more toxic for adults, while Arsenal® NA was most harmful for early embryonic development and inhibited sperm motility. Reglone® demonstrated low toxicity for A. altiparanae compared to Roundup Transorb® and Arsenal® NA. A. altiparanae may be considered an emerging fish model for toxicological studies for the neotropical region due to its wide distribution and biological characteristics.

01 May 2021·Archives of Environmental Contamination and ToxicologyQ4 · ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & ECOLOGY

Lethal and Teratogenic Impacts of Imazapyr, Diquat Dibromide, and Glufosinate Ammonium Herbicide Formulations Using Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus (FETAX)

Q4 · ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & ECOLOGY

Article

Author: Babalola, Oluwaseun Olusegun ; Truter, Johannes Christoff ; Van Wyk, Johannes Hannes

Globally, amphibians are experiencing widespread abnormalities and population declines. One potential contributor to these challenges is the use of pesticides, particularly aquatic herbicides applied to aquatic habitats inhabited by amphibians. Critical issues of concern are the potential toxicity and teratogenicity of these herbicides towards amphibians. Using the FETAX protocol, three globally used formulations, including diquat dibromide (Midstream), glufosinate ammonium (Basta), and imazapyr (Arsenal), were assessed for embryotoxicity, teratogenicity, and growth inhibition. Developing Xenopus laevis embryos were exposed for 96 h at concentrations of 0.5-3.0 mg/L, 1.6-3.0 mg/L, and 20-45 mg/L for Midstream, Basta, and Arsenal respectively. The 96-h LC₅₀ estimates were 0.83 mg/L acid equivalent (a.e.), 36 mg/L a.e., and 2.2 mg/L a.e., whereas the EC₅₀ estimates were 0.24 mg/L a.e., 28.13 mg/L a.e., and 2.01 mg/L a.e. for the Midstream, Arsenal, and Basta formulations, respectively. These two estimates produced Teratogenic Index of 3.5, 1.3, and 1.1 for Midstream, Arsenal, and Basta, respectively, indicating a high risk of malformation induction by Midstream and moderate risk for Arsenal. Regarding growth inhibition, lowest observable effect concentrations of 0.5 mg/L, 25 mg/L, and 2.0 mg/L were computed for Midstream, Arsenal, and Basta, respectively, producing the minimum concentration inhibiting growth (MCIG) ratios of 0.62, 0.69, and 0.89 for the three formulations. These MICG values are higher than the standard 0.30 growth inhibitors benchmark, suggesting that the formulations are not growth inhibitors at the evaluated concentrations. This study provides evidence of the embryotoxic and teratogenic status of Midstream and the embryotoxicity of Basta. There is a need to further characterise the physiological and ecological impacts of these formulations to ensure responsible use and the safety of amphibians and other wildlife.

01 Jul 2018·Archives of Environmental Contamination and ToxicologyQ4 · ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & ECOLOGY

Comparative Early Life Stage Toxicity of the African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis Following Exposure to Selected Herbicide Formulations Applied to Eradicate Alien Plants in South Africa

Q4 · ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & ECOLOGY

Article

Author: Babalola, Oluwaseun O ; Van Wyk, J H

The rise in pesticides application has increased the need for better understanding of their ecological impacts. The global amphibian declines, for example, have been positively correlated with pesticides use. The differential susceptibility in the developmental stages of amphibians to chemical substances are still largely unknown. We examined the 96-h differential toxicity responses of embryos, premetamorphic and transitional larval stage of Xenopus laevis, to six formulated aquatic herbicide products containing the active ingredients of diquat dibromide (Midstream), glufosinate ammonium (Basta), imazapyr (Arsenal), and three glyphosate formulations (Roundup, Kilo Max, and Environ Glyphosate). The results showed the premetamorphic stage as the most sensitive to the herbicides toxicity. This study confirmed that the developmental stage at which amphibian are exposed to contaminants is critical to their survival and that the chemical contamination hypothesis of the global decline of amphibians should continue to be considered. This establishment of the premetamorphic larval as sensitive toxicity representative for all developmental stages of X. laevis means that this stage could be used more extensively in pesticides toxicity assessments.

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