Author: Wonacott, Alan J. ; Tang, Chi-Man ; Campbell, Callum J. ; Dennis, Richard J. ; Weir, Malcolm P. ; Wharton, Christopher W. ; Ward, Malcolm ; Mooney, Christopher J. ; Finch, Harry ; Patel, Shila ; Jhoti, Harren ; Cleasby, Anne ; Bethell, Susanne S. ; Dix, Clive J.

High-throughput screening of methanolic extracts from the leaves of the plant Lantana camara identified potent inhibitors of human alpha-thrombin, which were shown to be 5,5-trans-fused cyclic lactone euphane triterpenes [O'Neill et al. (1998) J. Nat. Prod. (submitted for publication)]. Proflavin displacement studies showed the inhibitors to bind at the active site of alpha-thrombin and alpha-chymotrypsin. Kinetic analysis of alpha-thrombin showed tight-binding reversible competitive inhibition by both compounds, named GR133487 and GR133686, with respective kon values at pH 8.4 of 1.7 x 10(6) s-1 M-1 and 4.6 x 10(6) s-1 M-1. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of thrombin/inhibitor complexes showed the tight-bound species to be covalently attached, suggesting acyl-enzyme formation by reaction of the active-site Ser195 with the trans-lactone carbonyl. X-ray crystal structures of alpha-thrombin/GR133686 (3.0 A resolution) and alpha-thrombin/GR133487 (2.2 A resolution) complexes showed continuous electron density between Ser195 and the ring-opened lactone carbonyl, demonstrating acyl-enzyme formation. Turnover of inhibitor by alpha-thrombin was negligible and mass spectrometry of isolated complexes showed that reversal of inhibition occurs by reformation of the trans-lactone from the acyl-enzyme. The catalytic triad appears undisrupted and the inhibitor carbonyl occupies the oxyanion hole, suggesting the observed lack of turnover is due to exclusion of water for deacylation. The acyl-enzyme inhibitor hydroxyl is properly positioned for nucleophilic attack on the ester carbonyl and therefore relactonization; furthermore, the higher resolution structure of alpha-thrombin/GR133487 shows this hydroxyl to be effectively superimposable with the recently proposed deacylating water for peptide substrate hydrolysis [Wilmouth, R. C., et al. (1997) Nat. Struct.Biol. 4, 456-462], suggesting the alpha-thrombin/GR133487 complex may be a good model for this reaction.

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Indication	Highest Phase	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Thromboembolism	Discovery	GB	Glaxo Group Ltd.	-

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