Difloxacin

Application of antibiotics in beekeeping to treat bacterial diseases can lead to antibiotic residues in honey.This situation can contribute to the broader problem of antibiotic resistance and may cause allergic reactions as well as long-term risks such as carcinogenic effects, gastrointestinal disturbances, aplastic anemia and reproductive issues.This work aimed at evaluating the safety of honey from the region of Bejaia, in Algeria.A total of ten honey samples sold directly by the producers were analyzed.Twenty-four antibiotics were extracted by using a modified QuEChERS methodol. and determined by ultra high-performance liquid chromatog. coupled with a time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ToF-MS).Method validation yielded satisfactory recovery values, ranging from 82.31 % to 119.54 %.Precision parameters were also within a reasonable range, with min. values of 0.17 and 3.61 %, and maximum values of 21.78 and 29.87 % for repeatability and reproducibility, resp.Addnl., detection and quantification limits (LOD and LOQ) ranged from 0.05 to 0.64 μg kg^-1 and 0.14-1.93 μg kg^-1, resp.Linear regression was excellent with R² exceeding 0.9664.Finally, 13 out of 24 antibiotic residues were found in the honey samples analyzed.Cefazolin, cloxacillin, difloxacin, enoxacin, lincomycin and norfloxacin were detected in all samples.Valnemulin was found in 70 % of the samples.Epi-chlortetracycline, oxolinic acid and sulfadimidine were found in one sample.Ultimately, the findings of the present work demonstrated that the QuEChERS extraction and UHPLC-ToF-MS detection provide a fast, high, and sensitive technique for detecting antibiotics residues in honey.

Enrofloxacin (ENR) is commonly used to treat bacterial infections in animals and can pose a potential threat to human health with overuse.Therefore, the development of an accurate method for enrofloxacin is urgently needed.In this work, we have developed a method for enrofloxacin based on aptamer and SYBR Green I (SG-I).To our knowledge, this strategy is used for the first time for enrofloxacin.The enrofloxacin aptamer had a G-quadruplex structure, which can be identified and modified by SG-I to emit strong fluorescence.In the presence of the analyte, the aptamer preferentially bound causing a conformational change in the double-stranded portion of aptamer, which caused the SG-I fluorescence quenching.The fluorescence exhibited a consistent reduction in proportion to the concentrations of enrofloxacin from 1.95 to 400 nM.The limit of detection was 0.59 nM.Furthermore, the sensor was employed to determine enrofloxacin in food and serum with recovery rates ranging from 98.04% to 103.08%.