Interferon-γ/IL-2 ELISpot and mRNA Responses to the SARS-CoV2, Feline Coronavirus Serotypes 1 (FCoV1), and FCoV2 Receptor Binding Domains by the T Cells from COVID-19-Vaccinated Humans and FCoV1-Infected Cats

Article

Author: Morris, John G ; Yamamoto, Janet K ; Arukha, Ananta P ; Sahay, Bikash ; Kariyawasam, Subhashinie ; Edison, Lekshmi K ; Nair, Sabarinath ; Crews, Chiquitha D

The receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 (SCoV2) has been used recently to identify the RBD sequences of feline coronavirus serotypes 1 (FCoV1) and 2 (FCoV2). Cats naturally infected with FCoV1 have been shown to possess serum reactivities with FCoV1 and SCoV2 RBDs but not with FCoV2 RBD. In the current study, COVID-19-vaccinated humans and FCoV1-infected laboratory cats were evaluated for interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and interleukin-2 (IL-2 ELISpot responses by their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to SCoV2, FCoV1, and FCoV2 RBDs. Remarkably, the PBMC from COVID-19-vaccinated subjects developed IFNγ responses to SCoV2, FCoV1, and FCoV2 RBDs. The most vaccinated subject (five vaccinations over 2 years) appeared to produce hyperreactive IFNγ responses to all three RBDs, including the PBS media control. This subject lost IFNγ responses to all RBDs at 9 months (9 mo) post-last vaccination. However, her IL-2 responses to FCoV1 and FCoV2 RBDs were low but detectable at 10 mo post-last vaccination. This observation suggests that initially robust IFNγ responses to SCoV2 RBD may be an outcome of robust inflammatory IFNγ responses to SCoV2 RBD. Hence, the T-cell responses of vaccine immunity should be monitored by vaccine immunogen-specific IL-2 production. The PBMC from chronically FCoV1-infected cats developed robust IFNγ responses to SCoV2 and FCoV2 RBDs but had the lowest IFNγ responses to FCoV1 RBD. The constant exposure to FCoV1 reinfection may cause the IFNγ responses to be downregulated to the infecting virus FCoV1 but not to the cross-reacting epitopes on the SCoV2 and FCoV2 RBDs.

01 Dec 2022·BMC infectious diseasesQ3 · MEDICINE

The role and diagnostic accuracy of serology for COVID-19

Q3 · MEDICINE

ArticleOA

Author: Hansdak, Samuel G ; Moorthy, Mahesh ; Karthik, Rajiv ; Abhilash, Kundavaram P P ; Sebastian, Merylin ; Gunasekaran, Karthik ; Manesh, Abi ; Kundu, Debasree ; Gupta, Richa ; Abraham, O C ; Gautam, Priyanka ; Iyadurai, Ramya ; Sathyendra, Sowmya ; Thangakunam, Balamugesh ; George, Tina ; Zachariah, Anand ; Dayanand, Divya ; Varghese, George M

Abstract:

Background:

The role and performance of various serological tests for the diagnosis of COVID-19 are unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of seven commercially available serological assays for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies by testing COVID-19 cases and controls.

Methods:

Adult patients with fever for > 5 days, admitted to a tertiary-care teaching hospital in South India, were enrolled prospectively between June and December 2020. SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR confirmed patients were classified as cases, and patients with febrile illness with laboratory-confirmed alternative diagnosis and healthy participants were controls. All participants were tested with SCoV-2 Detect™ IgM ELISA kit and SCoV-2 Detect™ IgG ELISA kit (InBios International, Seattle, USA) (Inbios), SARS-CoV-2 Total and SARS-CoV-2 IgG (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc., Tarrytown, USA) (Siemens), Roche Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 (Roche Diagnostics, Rotkreuz, Switzerland) (Roche), Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG (Abbott Diagnostics, IL, USA) (Abbott), and Liaison® SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG (DiaSorinS.p.A., Saluggia, Italy) (Liaison). The sensitivities, specificities, positive predictive values (PPV), negative predictive values (NPV), and accuracies were compared.

Results:

There were 303 participants: 153 cases and 150 controls. ELISA detecting anti-S protein antibody was more sensitive (88.9% for IgG and 86.3% for IgM) than the CLIAs (82.4% for total antibodies and 76.5–85.6% for IgG). Among CLIAs, Roche IgG was most sensitive (85.6%) followed by Abbott (83%) and Liaison (83%). Abbot had the best PPV (88.8%) and was more specific (89.3%) than Liaison (82%) and Roche (82%). Siemens IgG was less sensitive (76.5%) than Siemens Total (82.4%). The specificity of all the serological assays was modest (75–90%). Antibody test positivity increased with the duration of illness reaching 90% after 10 days of illness. When cases were compared against pre-pandemic controls, the IgG gave excellent specificity (98–100%). For seroprevalence studies, InBios IgG had the best accuracy (90.8%) with 88.9% sensitivity and 97.6% specificity.

Conclusion:

The serological assays are important adjuncts for the diagnosis of COVID-19 in patients with persistent symptoms, especially in the second week of illness. The value of serological diagnostic tests is limited in the first week of illness and they provide additional value in seroprevalence studies. The diagnostic accuracy of the ELISA and CLIA platforms were comparable.

01 Oct 2022·Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease

Evaluation of independent self-collected blood specimens for COVID-19 antibody detection among the US veteran population

Article

Author: Edson, Connor ; Gaziano, J Michael ; Holodniy, Mark ; Whitbourne, Stacey B ; Mohammed, Tseli ; Pyatt, Mary ; Brewer, Jessica V V

Feasibility of home blood sample collection methods for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies from VA Million Veteran Program (MVP) participants was tested to determine COVID-19 infection or vaccination status. Participants (n = 312) were randomly assigned to self-collect blood specimens using the Neoteryx Mitra Clamshell (n = 136) or Tasso-SST (n = 176) and asked to rate their experience. Mitra tip blood was eluted and Tasso tubes were centrifuged. All samples were stored at -80 °C until tested with InBios SCoV-2 Detect™ IgG ELISA, BioRad Platelia SARS-CoV-2 Total Ab Assay, Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG and AdviseDx SARS-CoV-2 IgG II assays. Participants rated both devices equally. The Abbott assay had the highest sensitivity (87% Mitra, 98% Tasso-SST) for detecting known COVID infection and/or vaccination. The InBios assay with Tasso-SST had the best sensitivity (97%) and specificity (80%) for detecting known COVID-19 infection and/or vaccination. Veterans successfully collected their own specimens with no strong preference for either device.

News (Medical) associated with Covidity

13 Feb 2023

·endpts.com

Giving first glimpse of data, Scancell looks for Covid-19 vaccine partner

UK-based biotech Scancell is lifting the veil off a Phase I trial for its Covid-19 vaccine, but it’ll also be making a pivot on the vaccine’s strategy. Scancell said in a release on Monday that it is presenting the preliminary data from its Phase I clinical trial, which was conducted at the University of Cape Town Lung Institue in South Africa. The trial was intended to look at two of vaccine Scancell’s candidates, SCOV1 and SCOV2, in patients before testing them as a booster. According to the biotech, both candidates are plasmid DNA-based vaccines. The results showed antibody and T cell responses, with the level of the detectable antibodies in the blood at 67% following vaccination by the two candidates. Scancell also stated that the vaccines had an impact against several variants, including Omicron. No severe effects or major safety issues were reported during the trial. But Scancell said in the release that it will not be going to take the vaccine forward on its own. Because of the larger size of later-stage trails and the competitiveness of the current Covid-19 field, the biotech will be looking for a partner. Scancell CEO Lindy Durrant said in the release: However, no details on potential partners or when Scancell will be transferring the candidate were disclosed. Endpoints News reached out to the biotech for more information. The Covid-19 market has changed quite drastically since the big vaccine pushes a few years ago. Pharma giant Pfizer said on its Q4 earnings call that it is expecting much lower sales of Covid-19 products due to a lower following of compliance with vaccine regulations and fewer vaccines being administered, among other factors. This is leading to an anticipated drop of around 60% in vaccine sales revenue. Last week, Japan canceled an order for more than 140 million doses of Novavax’s Covid-19 vaccine, after agreeing to purchase around 150 million doses from Takeda in 2021. Takeda CFO Costa Saroukos said on a previous call that it is seeing “low market demand” for the vaccine due to vaccination in Japan and the Omicron variant’s presence.

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