Rufloxacin Hydrochloride

There is increasing resistance to the oral antibiotics currently recommended for the treatment of pyelonephritis, and increased healthcare costs are associated with the reliance on alternative intravenous agents. We, therefore, performed a systematic review of randomised controlled trials to determine the clinical efficacy and safety of oral antibiotics for the treatment of pyelonephritis in adults. A search of four major medical databases (MEDLINE, Embase+ Embase classic, CENTRAL and Cochrane Database for Systematic Reviews) in addition to manual reference searching of relevant reviews was conducted. Clinical cure and adverse event rates were reported, and trial quality and bias were assessed. A total of 277 studies were reviewed; five studies matched all eligibility criteria and were included. Antibiotics included were cefaclor, ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, lomefloxacin, loracarbef, norfloxacin, rufloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. In included studies, the clinical success of the outpatient treatment of pyelonephritis by cefaclor, ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin at 4 to 6 weeks was comparable at between 83 to 95%. Relatively high rates of adverse events were noted in a trial of ciprofloxacin (24%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (33%). Significant heterogeneity between all aspects of the trial designs was identified, with all studies having a potential for bias. This review demonstrates a need for high-quality clinical trials into the oral antibiotic treatment of pyelonephritis, with more consistent designs and reporting of outcomes. There are data to support further research into oral norfloxacin and cefaclor for the outpatient treatment of pyelonephritis in adults.

Coacervation and phase separation were first reported in salt-free catanionic surfactant aqueous systems based on lauric acid (LA) and dodecyltrimethylammonium hydroxide (DTAOH), using hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) as a coacervate-inducing agent. The liquid-liquid two-phase separation occurs over a wide of LA/DTAOH molar ratios (78:22-0:100mol/mol) and total surfactant concentrations (5-200mmolL^-1) upon adding a small amount of HFIP (<10%, v/v). HFIP-induced salt-free LA/DTAOH catanionic surfactant system has much wider two-phase region than HFIP-induced salt-containing sodium laurate/dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide system. A HFIP-induced LA/DTAOH coacervate extraction method was established and coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV) for determination of fluoroquinolones (rufloxacin, ciprofloxacin, danofloxacin, enrofloxacin) in milk. Detection limits are from 0.3ngmL^-1 to 1.4ngmL^-1. Intra- and inter-day precisions (n=6) are in range of 4.5-8.3% and 5.8-10.7%, respectively. Recoveries are from 87.8% to 109.0%. The method, HFIP-induced salt-free coacervate extraction with HPLC-UV, is suitable for detecting trace fluoroquinolones in milk.