AbstractIn the arsenal of plant defense, protease inhibitors (PIs) are well‐designed defensive products to counter field pests. PIs are produced in plant tissues by means of ‘stable defense metabolite’ and triggered on demand as the perception of the signal and well established as a part of plant active defense. PIs have been utilized for approximately four decades, initially as a gene‐alone approach that was later replaced by multiple gene pyramiding/gene stacking due to insect adaptability towards the PI alone. By considering the adaptive responses of the pest to the single insecticidal gene, the concept of gene pyramiding gained continuous appreciation for the development of transgenic crops to deal with co‐evolving pests. Gene pyramiding approaches are executed to bypass the insectʼs adaptive responses against PIs. Stacking PIs with additional insecticidal proteins, plastid engineering, recombinant proteinase inhibitors, RNAi‐based methods and CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated genome editing are the advanced tools and methods for next‐generation pest management. Undoubtedly, the domain associated with the mechanism of PIs in the course of plant–pest interactions will occupy a central role for the advancement of more efficient and sustainable pest control strategies. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

01 Apr 2018·Pediatric DrugsQ4 · MEDICINE

Pharmacological Management of Hereditary Angioedema with C1-Inhibitor Deficiency in Pediatric Patients

Q4 · MEDICINE

Review

Author: Farkas, Henriette

Hereditary angioedema with C1-inhibitor deficiency (C1-INH-HAE) is a form of bradykinin-mediated angioedema. It is a rare disorder with an onset during childhood in most instances. Therefore, familiarity with the options for the management of pediatric cases is indispensable. The recurrent angioedematous episodes do not respond to conventional treatments and may evolve into a life-threatening condition. In view of the recommendations adopted by international consensus in 2016, patient management and follow-up should be guided by an individualized strategy. During the last decade, various medicinal products with novel modes of action and different posology have been developed for the treatment of C1-INH-HAE. These drugs either inhibit the release of bradykinin (plasma-derived C1-inhibitors, recombinant C1-inhibitors, kallikrein inhibitors) or prevent the released bradykinin from binding to its receptor (bradykinin B₂ receptor antagonists). This review summarizes the properties of the medicinal products currently available for the treatment of C1-INH-HAE, the indications for their use in pediatric patients, and the findings of the clinical trials conducted in this patient population. It is concluded by a brief outline of future therapeutic options.

01 Aug 2017·Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North AmericaQ3 · MEDICINE

Acute Management of Hereditary Angioedema Attacks

Q3 · MEDICINE

Review

Author: Katelaris, Constance H

Several treatment modalities have become available for management of acute hereditary angioedema (HAE) attacks in the last 15 years. Most are now available to patients in North America, Europe, United Kingdom, and Australia, but few options exist in developing countries. Preferred contemporary use of the treatments to be discussed is "on demand," because control remains with the patient and delays in treatment access avoided. Four treatments-plasma-derived C1 inhibitor concentrate, recombinant C1 inhibitor concentrate, ecallantide, and icatibant-are reviewed in this article. All have been shown to be superior to placebo and effective in the management of all HAE attacks.

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