Phenmetrazine Hydrochloride

This study aims to examine the changes in metabolic profiles in patients with patent foramen ovale (PFO) and migraine, as well as in patients with isolated migraine, before and after surgical intervention using metabolomics.

Patients were categorized into four groups: the simple migraine (SM) group, the PFO with migraine preoperative group (PRE), the PFO with migraine postoperative Day 3 group (POST_3d), and the PFO with migraine postoperative Day 30 group (POST_30d). Untargeted metabolomics using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) were employed to identify differential metabolites across these groups. Differential metabolites were identified, their clinical diagnostic value was assessed, and a correlation analysis was conducted to examine changes in metabolic pathways before and after surgery.

The expression levels of metabolites such as linoleic acid, quinolinic acid, homophenylalanine, and amphetamine showed significant changes in patients with PFO and migraine following surgery. Notably, linoleic acid demonstrated strong diagnostic potential for this patient population. Trend analysis revealed that the levels of 3‐phenylpropionic acid and caffeine decreased on postoperative Day 3 and subsequently increased by postoperative Day 30, whereas gallic acid continuously declined. Compared to the PRE group, differential metabolites in the SM group were primarily associated with α‐linolenic acid metabolism, niacin and nicotinamide metabolism, sphingolipid signaling, and tyrosine metabolism. In contrast, differential metabolites in the POST_3d group were predominantly enriched in phenylalanine metabolism, niacin and nicotinamide metabolism, protein digestion and absorption, and caffeine metabolism.

Linoleic acid may serve as a potential biomarker, and the activation of inflammation and oxidative stress‐related pathways could contribute significantly to the development of complicated migraine in patients with PFO.

Gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is widely used for the identification of substances of forensic interest, but it faces challenges due to the vast diversity of available drugs.In this context, the use of the linear retention index (LRI) can help overcome difficulties associated with the identification of a large number of substances, as it is less susceptible to variations in exptl. conditions compared to retention time (RT).Building an LRI database allows rapid and simultaneous identification of several compounds, including new and structurally similar substances, thus standardizing anal. identification.This study aimed to evaluate the use of the retention index (RI) in both intralab. and interlaboratory forensic routines.Over a 50-wk period on the same GC-MS system, RI values were effectively adjusted by reinjecting an n-alkane mix after maintenance that required vacuum breaks, updating the retention times of each substance evaluated (benzocaine, caffeine, cocaine and flunitrazepam).Interlaboratory reproducibility was evaluated between two forensic laboratories using up to 104 analytes.Two oven temperature programs, three GC brands and two anal. columns were evaluated.Under the same anal. conditions, the ΔRI was ≤10 index units (i.u.) for 103 substances, with testosterone enanthate showing a ΔRI = 11 i.u..The proposed method proved to be reproducible and selective, and the use of RI has demonstrated accuracy as a complementary technique for identifying a wide range of analytes.Furthermore, the sharing of an RI database can strengthen the anal. routine, being a way to quickly obtain information on the identification of new drugs.