The lead norovirus vaccine contender comes from a Montana-based company called LigoCyte Pharmaceuticals, which was acquired by the Japanese drug giant Takeda in Oct. of last year.This vaccine contains virus-like particles, or VLPs, which are hollow spheres composed of structural proteins from the virus that self assemble.In Takeda′s product, the VLPs mimic two strains of naturally occurring norovirus, one from each viral subgroup that tends to sicken people.VLP-based vaccines to protect against hepatitis B and human papillomavirus are already on the market, and the technol. is an attractive option for norovirus because scientists haven′t yet figured out how to grow the virus in the laboratory-a necessary first step in producing attenuated or inactivated vaccines such as are used to immunize people against most infectious agents.Preliminary data from a 110-person trial presented at the 2012 Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy in San Francisco suggest that Takeda′s vaccine is safe.According to Rajeev Venkayya, head of Takeda′s Vaccine Business Division, which is based in Deerfield, Illinois, the company plans to present efficacy data later this year.Expectations are running high.In 2011, LigoCyte reported that a nasal spray version of the vaccine that contained only one type of VLP reduced the incidence of gastroenteritis from 69% for volunteers who received the placebo to 37% for volunteers who received the vaccine. "Those results were clear evidence of proof of concept," Venkayya says.However, the company decided to pursue an injectable formulation in part because LygoCyte′s in vitro research suggested that it might be more efficacious.(The device used to deliver the nasal vaccine also had a tendency to malfunction.) But Takeda′s exptl. vaccine is not the only candidate riding the wave of interest.Two smaller companies now have comparable vaccine candidates that are scheduled to enter human testing in the next year or two.Like Takeda, UMN Pharma is advancing an injectable vaccine that the Japanese drugmaker licensed last year from the University of Tampere Medical School′s Vaccine Research Center in Finland.In July, the Finnish group published a study showing that a combined norovirus-rotavirus vaccine elicited broad immune responses in mice.But UMN has since decided to sideline the combined vaccine and first focus on the norovirus component alone, according to Timo Vesikari, director of the Finnish vaccine center.Meanwhile, Nanotherapeutics, a company based in Alachua, Florida, is betting that a nasal norovirus vaccine will have greater efficacy.The vaccine, which Arntzen helped develop, consists of a dry powder that will be squirted into the nose with a burst of compressed air.

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Indication	Highest Phase	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Norovirus Infections	Preclinical	Japan	HanaVax, Inc.	22 Jul 2022

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