Background:Hormone signaling plays a significant role in cancerogenesis. This review
presents a comprehensive analysis of FDA-approved drugs, as well as recent clinical trials of drugs
acting on hormone signaling pathways. It discusses traditional methods of hormonal cancer therapy
and identifies new mechanisms in cancer hormonal signaling. The review has made use of the databases
Clinicaltrials.gov and PubMed to find new trends in the development of anti-cancer drugs and related
hormonal-dependent mechanisms of breast cancer.Methods:A search of the Drugs@FDA database was conducted to identify pharmaceutical agents approved
by the FDA for the treatment of hormone-dependent breast tumors. The clinical trials for these
drugs were obtained from ClinicalTrials.gov. The search was expanded from 2018 to early 2024.
The keywords used in the search for information were breast cancer, hormonal signaling pathways, luminal
types of breast cancer, and hormone-dependent breast cancer. The drug targets, pharmacological
information, and clinical data were obtained from the PubMed database.Results:An analysis of the ClinicalTrials.gov database revealed that the pharmacokinetic direction
has significant potential for the discovery of new drugs. The metabolites of SERMs metabolites and
their combination have the potential to enhance the efficiency of prodrug. Small molecules can penetrate
through the blood-brain-barrier, making them a promising avenue for treating brain metastasis.
New SERDs, such as ZB716, exhibit superior oral bioavailability compared to fulvestrant, which is
solely administered via injection. The investigation of the signaling hormonal pathways of BC allows
for the enhancement of personalised anti-cancer therapy and the overcoming of resistance. Consequently,
the specific mechanism of action of ARV-471 (the PROTAC group) enhances sensitivity to
drug-resistant targets and affects non-enzymatic functions. Furthermore, PROTACs exhibit markedly
enhanced target selectivity in comparison to traditional inhibitors. The combination of endocrine therapy
for breast cancer with compounds that target mTOR, PI3K, CDK4/6, and other pathways holds
considerable promise. The combination of letrozole with everolimus demonstrated the most promising
outcome, with a median progression-free survival period of 22 months, a significant improvement
over the 9-month median progression-free survival observed in monotherapy with letrozole.Conclusion:It is evident that traditional endocrine treatments play a pivotal role in the management
of HR+ BC. However, the emergence of resistance necessitates the development of novel therapeutic
strategies. These strategies should be based on pharmacokinetics, further investigation of the molecular
signaling pathways of BC, such as new SERMs, SERDs, PROTACs, as well as new drug groups,
like SERCAs, CERANs, SHERPAs. Combination therapy represents the most promising avenue for
BC treatment. While PROTAC combination with new monotherapeutic agents for BC treatment has
yet to be investigated, we believe that such combinations have the potential to make the treatment
more selective, effective, and personalised in the future.