Methanol and biodiesel are both alternative fuels of diesel engines. In order to study the effects of methanol on the microstructure of particulates produced from the diesel engine fueled with a methanol/biodiesel blend, the methanol/biodiesel blend fuels with 0, 10, and 20% methanol were prepared (named B100, BM10, and BM20, respectively). SEM and TG experiments have been carried out, and the structural and oxidative characteristics of particulates for the methanol/biodiesel blend were investigated. The results showed that the average diameters of B100, BM10, and BM20 particulates were 35, 32.6, and 31.2 nm, respectively. With the increase of methanol blending ratio, the H₂O and SOF (soluble organic fraction) contents were increased and the soot content in particulates was reduced slightly. In addition, the activation energy of the particulate pyrolysis reaction was reduced with the increase of methanol mixing ratio, and the oxidative reaction of particulates was easier to carry out.

01 Dec 1999·Infection and ImmunityQ2 · MEDICINE

Comparative Analysis of Glycosylated and Nonglycosylated Filarial Homologues of the 20-Kilodalton Retinol Binding Protein fromOnchocerca volvulus(Ov20)

Q2 · MEDICINE

Article

Author: Cordeiro, N. J. V. ; Allen, Judith E. ; Nirmalan, Niroshini ; Kläger, Sabine L. ; Bradley, Janette E.

ABSTRACTOv20 is a structurally novel 20-kDa retinol binding protein secreted byOnchocerca volvulus. Immunological and biological investigation of this protein has been hampered by the inability to maintainO. volvulusin a laboratory setting. In an effort to find a system more amenable to laboratory investigation, we have cloned, sequenced, and expressed cDNA encoding homologues of Ov20 from two closely related filarial species,Brugia malayi(Bm20) andAcanthocheilonema viteae(Av20). Sequence comparisons have highlighted differences in glycosylation of the homologues. We present here an analysis of mouse immune responses to Ov20, Bm20, and Av20. The results suggest a strong genetic restriction in response to native Bm20 that is overcome when recombinant, nonnative material is used. Reactivity of human filarial sera to the three recombinant proteins confirmed previous specificity studies with Ov20 but highlighted important differences in the reactivity patterns of theO. volvulusandB. malayihomologues that may be due to differences in glycosylation patterns. Ov20 is a dominant antigen in infected individuals, while Bm20 is not. The availability of theB. malayihomologue enabled us to use defined murine reagents and inbred strains for genetic analysis of responsiveness in a way that is not possible for Ov20. However, the close sequence similarity between Ov20 and Av20 suggests that theA. viteaemodel may be more suited to the investigation of the biological functions of Ov20.

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