Penamecillin

Antibiotics are substances that have a wide range of uses for treating bacterial illnesses.They may be synthetic, naturally occurring, or semi-artificial.The use of antibiotics has enabled the treatment of bacterial infections, saving and enhancing the health of numerous patients around the globe.Antibiotics, however, are not working well enough to stop the spread of infection and the associated mortality rates.However, antibiotic resistance among common community-acquired infections has been on the rise, as has the number of medications to which they are resistant.Data from several researches provide significant evidence that antibiotic use and resistance are interrelated.The highest levels of resistance are found in nations with the highest per capita antibiotic use.Consumption of antimicrobial agents and the prevalence of antibiotic resistance are intricately related.The main causes of resistance are selective antibiotic pressure, the spread of resistant bacteria, and the transfer of resistance genes across bacteria.However, the impact of selective pressure varies depending on the type of bacteria and antibiotic class.The community should refrain from using a lot of antibacterials, especially broad-spectrum antibiotics.When possible, narrow-spectrum penicillins should be employed.Long-term prospective studies that track patterns of antibiotic usage and resistance are required.National measures intended to lessen the resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics should be based on reliable data on antimicrobial consumption and resistance.

Crude national ambulatory antibiotic dispensing data (2007-2011) of adult patients (aged between 20 and below 65 years) with CAP were obtained and expressed as DDD per 1000 inhabitants and per day (DID). European quality indicators of antibiotic prescribing were calculated and adherence rate to the national CAP guideline was assessed. Antibiotic use for CAP in adults ranged between 0.27 and 0.30 DID in various years. The most frequently used antibacterials were levofloxacin, co-amoxiclav and clarithromycin. Antibiotic use in CAP was compliant with the European recommendations in 6.4% in 2007, which decreased to 4.9% by 2011, in contrast to the optimal compliant range of 80-100%. The consumption of fluoroquinolones mounted up to ~40% in both genders, which exceeded the recommended range (0-5%) substantially. National guideline also favoured the use of macrolides in the empiric therapy of CAP in otherwise healthy adults; hence, guideline-concordant antibiotic use ranged between 24.0-32.3%. Agents that were contra-indicated in the empiric therapy of CAP were also used in 6.5-9.0% in various years. These data reflect some worrisome figures and trends in the outpatient antibiotic treatment of adults with CAP. Clarified and updated national guidelines focusing on outpatients and incentives/regulations to increase guideline concordance are warranted.