The use of refined indigo naturalis (indigo naturalis extract in oil, INEO)ointment to treat psoriasis has been proven effective in our previous study. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of INEO ointment, and further determine the optimal concentration of INEO ointment (per gram of ointment containing either 200 μg, 100 μg, 50 μg or 10 μg of indirubin) in treatment of various local skin signs and thickness of psoriasis plaque.

Start Date01 Nov 2012

Sponsor / Collaborator

Chang Gung Memorial Hospital

[+1]

100 Clinical Results associated with Indirubin

100 Translational Medicine associated with Indirubin

100 Patents (Medical) associated with Indirubin

442

Literatures (Medical) associated with Indirubin

01 Jan 2025·Phytochemistry

Plant P450 forms indigo and indirubin when expressed in Escherichia coli

Article

Author: Anterola, Aldwin M ; Berim, Anna ; Gang, David R. ; Gang, David R ; Anterola, Aldwin M. ; Sagwan-Barkdoll, Laxmi ; Kim, Min-Jeong

Indigo and indirubin are derived from indoxyl molecules, which generally occur as indoxyl glycosides in woad (Isatis tinctoria L.) and other indigo-producing plants. Indoxyl glycosides are biosynthesized from indole via 3-hydroxylation to form indoxyl, followed by one or more glycosylations. Enzymes that attach and remove sugars to and from indoxyl have already been isolated and characterized, while enzymes that convert indole into indoxyl in plants have remained elusive, until the identification of P450s and flavin-containing monooxygenases that hydroxylate indole. A P450 gene from woad (named CYP71B102) was heterologously expressed in E. coli, resulting in the formation of indigo and indirubin, as well as isatin and 2-oxindole, which along with indoxyl are putative precursors of indirubin. The addition of either isatin or 2-oxindole to the recombinant E. coli reduced the levels of indigo and increased the amount of indirubin, whereas coexpression of CYP71B102 with isatin hydroxylase (which degrades isatin) increased the levels of indigo and decreased the amount of indirubin, albeit slightly. The results suggest that CYP71B102 hydroxylates indole at both the 2- and 3- positions to produce 2-oxindole and indoxyl, respectively, and that the coupling of indoxyl with either 2-oxindole or isatin forms indirubin, while dimerization of indoxyl forms indigo. This P450 gene is thus likely involved in the biosynthesis of indirubin in woad, as well as the formation of indigo and its glycosidic precursors, even if other types of enzymes, such as flavin-containing monooxygenases, may be involved in indole hydroxylation in other indigo-producing plants.

31 Dec 2024·Pharmaceutical Biology

Indigo naturalis as a potential drug in the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a comprehensive review of current evidence

Review

Author: Qin, Kai-hua ; Ye, Zhen ; Ye, Qiao-bo ; Wang, Juan ; Chen, Liu-lin ; Li, Lin-zhen ; Hu, Yu ; Wu, Ming-quan ; Qian, Huan-zhu

CONTEXTUlcerative colitis (UC) is an intractable inflammatory bowel disease that threatens the health of patients. The limited availability of therapeutic strategies makes it imperative to explore more efficient and safer drugs. Indigo naturalis (IN) is a traditional Chinese medicine that possesses many pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities. The treatment potential of IN for UC has been proven by numerous preclinical and clinical studies in recent years.OBJECTIVEThis article provides a comprehensive review of the utility and potential of IN in the treatment of UC.METHODS'Indigo naturalis' 'Qing dai' 'Qingdai' 'Ulcerative colitis' and 'UC' are used as the keywords, and the relevant literature is collected from online databases (Elsevier, PubMed, and Web of Science).RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONIndirubin, indigo, isatin, tryptanthrin, and β-sitosterol are considered the key components in the treatment of UC with IN. Both preclinical and clinical studies support the efficacy of IN for UC, especially in severe UC or in those who do not respond to or have poor efficacy with existing therapies. The mechanisms of IN for UC are associated with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway activation, immune regulation, oxidative stress inhibition, and intestinal microbial modulation. However, the clinical use of IN has the risks of adverse events such as pulmonary hypertension, which suggests the necessity for its rational application. As a potential therapeutic agent for UC that is currently receiving more attention, the clinical value of IN has been initially demonstrated and warrants further evaluation.

31 Dec 2024·Annals of Medicine

Evidence and potential mechanism of action of indigo naturalis and its active components in the treatment of psoriasis

Review

Author: Wang, Sihan ; Wang, Chunxiao ; Chen, Jiale ; Wang, Jiao ; Yu, Yuanting ; Zhang, Miao ; Lin, Naixuan ; Liu, Liu ; Li, Xin ; Cai, Xiaoce ; Li, Linge ; Yang, Panpan

BACKGROUNDIndigo naturalis is effective against psoriasis. Indigo, indirubin and tryptanthrin, the main active components of indigo naturalis, have anti-inflammatory properties.OBJECTIVETo evaluate the efficacy and safety of indigo naturalis and its active components in the treatment of psoriasis.METHODSSeven databases were searched for studies of indigo naturalis and its active components for the treatment of psoriasis.RESULTSThe findings demonstrated a higher response rate in the Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) formula groups than in the control group for Psoriasis Area and Severity Index 60 (PASI60) (Rate difference [RD] = 0.22, p < .0001). Among all adverse events, only the incidence of gastrointestinal adverse reactions was higher in the CHM formula group than in the control group (RD = 0.09, p < .0001). In preclinical in vivo studies, indirubin showed better performance in improving the phenotype of psoriasis-like mice compared to that in controls, including the PASI score (mean difference [MD] = -3.58, p < .0001), epidermal thickness (MD = -29.13, p < .0001), interleukin-(IL) 17 A mRNA expression (MD = -2.27, p = .0066) and IL-23 mRNA (MD = -5.36, p = .01).CONCLUSIONIndigo naturalis combined with conventional treatments is useful for treating psoriasis. Indigo naturalis display anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic effects by regulating the TAK1, JAK3/STAT3, Wnt/β-catenin, Akt/PKB, FAK and AP-1/c-Jun pathway.

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