Author: Slegers, Guido ; Waelbers, Tim ; Audenaert, Kurt ; Peremans, Kathelijne ; Dobbeleir, Andre ; Vermeire, Simon ; Polis, Ingeborgh ; Eersels, Jos ; De Spiegeleer, Bart

Subanesthetic doses of ketamine can be used as a rapid-acting antidepressant in patients with treatment-resistant depression. Therefore, the brain kinetics of (123)I-5-I-R91150 (4-amino-N-[1-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)propyl]-4-methylpiperidin-4-yl]-5-iodo-2-methoxybenzamide) and the influence of ketamine on the postsynaptic serotonin-2A receptor (5-hydroxytryptamine-2A, or 5-HT2A) status were investigated in cats using micro-SPECT.METHODSThis study was conducted on 6 cats using the radioligand (123)I-5-I-R91150, a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, as the imaging probe. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with a continuous-rate infusion of propofol (8.4 ± 1.2 mg kg(-1) followed by 0.22 mg kg(-1) min(-1)) 75 min after tracer administration, and acquisition of the first image began 15 min after induction of anesthesia. After this first acquisition, propofol (0.22 mg kg(-1) min(-1)) was combined with ketamine (5 mg kg(-1) followed by 0.023 mg kg(-1) min(-1)), and the second acquisition began 15 min later. Semiquantification, with the cerebellum as a reference region, was performed to calculate the 5-HT2A receptor binding indices (parameter for available receptor density) in the frontal and temporal cortices. The binding indices were analyzed with Wilcoxon signed ranks statistics.RESULTSThe addition of ketamine to the propofol continuous-rate infusion resulted in decreased binding indices in the right frontal cortex (1.25 ± 0.22 vs. 1.45 ± 0.16; P = 0.028), left frontal cortex (1.34 ± 0.15 vs. 1.49 ± 0.10; P = 0.028), right temporal cortex (1.30 ± 0.17 vs. 1.45 ± 0.09; P = 0.046), and left temporal cortex (1.41 ± 0.20 vs. 1.52 ± 0.20; P = 0.046).CONCLUSIONThis study showed that cats can be used as an animal model for studying alterations of the 5-HT2A receptor status with (123)I-5-I-R91150 micro-SPECT. Furthermore, an interaction between ketamine and the 5-HT2A receptors resulting in decreased binding of (123)I-5-I-R91150 in the frontal and temporal cortices was demonstrated. Whether the decreased radioligand binding resulted from a direct competition between ketamine and (123)I-5-I-R91150 or from a decreased affinity of the 5-HT2A receptor caused by ketamine remains to be elucidated.

07 Aug 2012·Investigative Opthalmology & Visual ScienceQ2 · MEDICINE

FK962 Promotes Neurite Elongation and Regeneration of Cultured Rat Trigeminal Ganglion Cells: Possible Involvement of GDNF

Q2 · MEDICINE

ArticleOA

Author: Kishimoto, Yayoi ; Azuma, Mitsuyoshi ; Yabuta, Chiho ; Shearer, Thomas R.

PURPOSEAmputation of the trigeminal nerve leads to decreased corneal sensitivity and dry eye. Our previous study showed that the drug FK962 (N-[1-acetylpiperidin-4-yl]-4-fluorobenzamide) induced neurite elongation from trigeminal ganglion (TG) cells and accelerated recovery of corneal sensitivity in a rabbit model of in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) surgery. However, the molecular pathways leading to FK962-induced neurite elongation and regeneration are not well defined. Thus, the purposes of the present experiments were to determine if FK962 induces elongation and regeneration of cultured rat TG cells and to investigate the mechanism of FK962-induced neurite elongation.METHODSMixed TG cells were cultured with or without FK962, and immunocytochemistry was used to detect stimulation of neurite elongation. Neurite regeneration was also tested in an in vitro model of neuronal ablation. ELISA was used to detect glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and somatostatin (SST) release, and mRNA expression was measured by qPCR. Antibody neutralization was used to determine the mechanism for FK962-induced neurite elongation/regeneration.RESULTSFK962 enhanced elongation and regeneration of neurites in TG neurons. GDNF treatment-induced neurite elongation and GDNF antibody significantly inhibited neurite elongation induced by GDNF and FK962. Nerve growth factor (NGF) treatment also induced neurite elongation, which was inhibited by NGF antibody, but NGF antibody did not inhibit FK962-induced neurite elongation.CONCLUSIONSOur data suggested that FK962 stimulated induction of GDNF from TG cells. GDNF may be a part of the signaling pathway for FK962-induced neurite elongation/regeneration in rat TG neurons.

01 May 2005·Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsQ3 · MEDICINE

Anxiolytic- and Antidepressant-Like Profile of ATC0065 and ATC0175: Nonpeptidic and Orally Active Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Receptor 1 Antagonists

Q3 · MEDICINE

Article

Author: Iijima, Michihiko ; Grottick, Andrew J. ; Omodera, Katsunori ; Shimazaki, Toshiharu ; Tran, Thuy-Anh ; Okuyama, Shigeru ; Semple, Graeme ; Hirota-Okuno, Shiho ; Funakoshi, Takeo ; Sekiguchi, Yoshinori ; Kanuma, Kosuke ; Thomsen, William ; Nishiguchi, Mariko ; Chaki, Shigeyuki

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a cyclic peptide produced in the lateral hypothalamus. It has been implicated in a number of physiological processes including feeding behavior, energy balance, and the regulation of emotional states. Here, we report in vitro and in vivo profiles of ATC0065 [N(2)-[cis-4-({2-[4-bromo-2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]ethyl}amino)cyclohexyl]-N(4), N(4)-dimethylquinazoline-2,4-diamine dihydrochloride] and ATC0175 [N-(cis-4-{[4-(dimethylamino)quinazolin-2-yl]amino}cyclohexyl)-3,4-difluorobenzamide hydrochloride], newly synthesized MCH receptor 1 (MCHR1) antagonists. Both ATC0065 and ATC0175 had high affinities for human MCHR1 with IC(50) values of 15.7 +/- 1.95 and 7.23 +/- 0.59 nM, respectively. Both ATC0065 (IC(50) = 21.4 +/- 1.57 nM) and ATC0175 (IC(50) = 13.5 +/- 0.78 nM) showed potent antagonist activities at MCHR1, as assessed by MCH-increased guanosine 5'-O-(3-[(35)S]thio)phosphate ([(35)S]GTPgammaS) binding to human MCHR1. Oral administration of ATC0065 (3-30 mg/kg) or ATC0175 (1-10 mg/kg) significantly reduced immobility time in the forced swimming test in rats, indicating antidepressant-like effects. Both ATC0065 and ATC0175 significantly reversed swim stress-induced anxiety in the elevated plus-maze test in rats and stress-induced hyperthermia in mice. ATC0175 significantly increased social interaction between unfamiliar rats and reduced separation-induced vocalizations in guinea pig pups, indicating anxiolytic potential. In contrast, ATC0065 and ATC0175 did not affect spontaneous locomotor activity or rotarod performance in rats. These findings indicate that ATC0065 and ATC0175 are potent and orally active MCHR1 antagonists with anxiolytic and antidepressant activity in rodents.

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