Besides bark and branches, coniferous needles contribute to approximately 30 % of the biomass left unused in forests after timber harvesting, posing fire and environmental risks. However, by extracting valuable compounds from spruce needles, such as proanthocyanidins, phenolic compounds, shikimic acid, and others, targeted use of forestry by-product biomass can be achieved. Given the consumer demand for natural products and the growing need for alternative preservatives to ensure food safety, it is imperative that plant-derived components be fully assessed for their feasibility for food application. In this work extraction conditions for spruce needles were optimized using Response Surface Methodology, to obtain extracts with the highest concentration of bioactive compounds. The main identified and optimized extraction variables were temperature and time. Using the optimal extraction conditions allowed to extract a maximum concentration of phenolic compounds (79.21 ± 0.21 mg_GAE/g DM), proanthocyanidins (21.70 ± 0.24 mg_CE/g DM) and shikimic acid (32.4 ± 0.1 mg/g DM). Additionally, vitamins B₆ and B₉, in maximum concentration of 3.7 ± 0.14 µg/g DM and 4.35 ± 0.05 mg/g DM were obtained, respectively. The macro- and micro-nutrient composition of the extract obtained under optimal conditions was determined and the antibacterial characteristics against gram-positive food pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, were determined. Due to its rich composition of bioactive compounds, this extract stands out not only as a valuable and safe solution for use in sustainable food but can also be applied in the pharmaceutical field.

01 Feb 2025·Journal of Infection

Shikimic acid enhances vancomycin efficacy in experimental MRSA-induced infective endocarditis

Letter

Author: Zhang, Chuan-Jian ; Zhong, Long-Gen ; Zhu, Zuo-Zhong ; Zhou, Yu-Feng ; Lu, Ting-Yin ; Tao, Meng-Ting ; Sun, Jian ; Liu, Jun-Qi ; Liao, Xiao-Ping

27 Nov 2024·Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Modeling of the Immune-Enhancing Effect of Shikimic Acid in Growing Pigs

Article

Author: Mo, Kaibin ; Shen, Yue ; Su, Dehai ; Ding, Huanzhong ; Huang, Xianhui ; Lv, Linyi ; Du, Juan

Shikimic acid (SA), extracted from the fruit of shikimi-no-ki, is used both as a preservative in the food industry and as an intermediate for a variety of active ingredients with a wide range of pharmacological functions. A deeper understanding of the pharmacokinetic process of SA in pigs and its impact on humoral immunity could prove invaluable in facilitating its clinical application in veterinary and human medicine. The pharmacokinetic study employed a two-period, two-sequence, crossover design to animal experiments and developed a novel method of pig plasma preparation using water as an extractant and ionization promoter, followed by purification and enrichment on a MAX solid phase extraction (SPE) column. The results showed that SA is rapidly absorbed after intragastric administration (50 mg/kg BW), reaching a plasma C_max of 10,823.44 ng/mL at 1.78 h, followed by rapid elimination, with a t_1/2 of 1.81 h, consistent with a one-compartment model. The results for intravenous administration (2 mg/kg BW) were consistent with a two-compartment open model with a t_1/2 of 3.66 h, with concentrations below the limit of quantification (LOQ) observed beyond 12 h postdose. The absolute bioavailability of SA in pigs was calculated to be 21.68%. Furthermore, the Pearson's correlation analysis demonstrated a strong positive correlation between SA concentration in pig plasma and the changes of C3, C4 and IgG, IgA, and IgM (0.6 < R < 1, P < 0.0001). A more detailed pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling analysis of the intravenous group revealed the EC₅₀/C_max values of approximately 10%, with all γ values exceeding 3. This study was the inaugural investigation into the pharmacokinetics of SA in growing pigs, and it also revealed that SA has the potential to act as an immunopotentiator.

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Indication	Highest Phase	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Diabetic Retinopathy	Preclinical	Saudi Arabia	King Abdulaziz University	01 Feb 2019
Hyperglycemia	Preclinical	Saudi Arabia	King Abdulaziz University	01 Feb 2019

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