BACKGROUNDThe M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1ACh-R) is a G protein-coupled receptor that can occur in interconvertible coupled and uncoupled states. It is enriched in the basal ganglia, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, and cortical areas, and plays a role in motor and cognitive functions. Muscarinic M1 agonists are potential therapeutic agents for cognitive disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate [11C]AF150(S) as a putative M1ACh-R agonist PET ligand, which, owing to its agonist properties, could provide a tool to explore the active G protein-coupled receptor.METHODSRegional kinetics of [11C]AF150(S) in rat brain were measured using a high-resolution research tomograph, both under baseline conditions and following pre-treatment with various compounds or co-administration of non-radioactive AF150(S). Data were analysed by calculating standard uptake values and by applying the simplified reference tissue model (SRTM).RESULTS[11C]AF150(S) was rapidly taken up in the brain, followed by a rapid clearance from all brain regions. Analysis of PET data using SRTM revealed a binding potential (BPND) of 0.25 for the striatum, 0.20 for the hippocampus, 0.16 for the frontal cortical area and 0.15 for the posterior cortical area, all regions rich in M1ACh-R. BPND values were significantly reduced following pre-treatment with M1ACh-R antagonists. BPND values were not affected by pre-treatment with a M3ACh-R antagonist. Moreover, BPND was significantly reduced after pre-treatment with haloperidol, a dopamine D2 receptor blocker that causes an increase in extracellular acetylcholine (ACh). The latter may compete with [11C]AF150(S) for binding to the M1ACh-R; further pharmacological agents were applied to investigate this possibility. Upon injection of the highest dose (49.1 nmol kg-1) of [11C]AF150(S) diluted with non-radioactive AF150(S), brain concentration of AF150(S) reached 100 nmol L-1 at peak level. At this concentration, no sign of saturation in binding to M1ACh-R was observed.CONCLUSIONSThe agonist PET ligand [11C]AF150(S) was rapidly taken up in the brain and showed an apparent specific M1ACh-R-related signal in brain areas that are rich in M1ACh-R. Moreover, binding of the agonist PET ligand [11C]AF150(S) appears to be sensitive to changes in extracellular ACh levels. Further studies are needed to evaluate the full potential of [11C]AF150(S) for imaging the active pool of M1ACh-R in vivo.

01 Jan 2008·Neurodegenerative DiseasesQ4 · MEDICINE

M1 Muscarinic Agonists Target Major Hallmarks of Alzheimer’s Disease – The Pivotal Role of Brain M1 Receptors

Q4 · MEDICINE

Review

Author: Fisher, Abraham

The M1 muscarinic receptor (M1 mAChR) is a therapeutic target in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and the M1-selective muscarinic agonists AF102B, AF150(S) and AF267B are cognitive enhancers and potential disease modifiers. Notably, AF267B decreased cerebrospinal fluid β-amyloid (Aβ40 and Aβ42) in rabbits, decreased brain Aβ levels in hypercholesterolemic rabbits and vascular Aβ42 deposition from the cortex in cholinotoxin-treated rabbits. In triple transgenic AD mice, AF267B reduced cognitive deficits and decreased Aβ42 and tau pathologies in the cortex and hippocampus (not amygdala), via M1 mAChR activation of protein kinase C and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 17 (ADAM17 or TACE) and decreased β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 and glycogen synthase kinase 3β, respectively. AF267B is the first reported low-molecular-weight therapy that targets the major AD hallmarks.

01 Aug 2002·Journal of Molecular NeuroscienceQ3 · MEDICINE

M1 muscarinic agonists as innovative therapies for alzheimer’s disease

Q3 · MEDICINE

Article

Author: Niva Natan ; Itzhak Marcovitch ; Abraham Fisher ; Hagar Sonego ; Michal Kliger-Spatz ; Rachel Brandeis ; Zipora Pittel ; Rachel Haring Nira Bar-Ner

The M1 muscarinic agonists AF102B (Cevimeline, EVOXACTM: prescribed in USA and Japan for Sjogren's Syndrome), AF150(S) and AF267B--1) are neurotrophic and synergistic with neurotrophins such as nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor; 2) elevate the non-amyloidogenic amyloid precursor protein (alpha-APPs) in vitro and decrease beta-amyloid (A beta) levels in vitro and in vivo; and 3) inhibit A beta- and oxidative-stress-induced cell death and apoptosis in PC12 cells transfected with the M1 muscarinic receptor. These effects can be combined with the beneficial effects of these compounds on some other major hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) (e.g. tau hyperphosphorylation and paired helical filaments [PHF]; and loss of cholinergic function conducive to cognitive impairments.) These drugs restored cognitive impairments in several animal models for AD, mimicking different aspects of AD, with a high safety margin (e.g. AF150[S] >1500 and AF267B >4500). Notably, these compounds show a high bioavailability and a remarkable preference for the brain vs. plasma following p.o. administration. In mice with small hippocampi, unlike rivastigmine and nicotine, AF150(S) and AF267B restored cognitive impairments also on escape latency in a Morris water maze paradigm in reversal learning. Furthermore, in aged and cognitively impaired microcebes (a natural animal model that mimics AD pathology and cognitive impairments), prolonged treatment with AF150(S) restored cognitive and behavioral impairments and decreased tau hyperphosphorylation, PHF and astrogliosis. Our M1 agonists, alone or in polypharmacy, may present a unique therapy in AD due to their beneficial effects on major hallmarks of AD.

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Indication	Highest Phase	Country/Location	Organization	Date
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