Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. is an ethnomedicinal plant that has been utilized in Tibetan and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Nevertheless, its quality standard officially listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia does not include any content determination of the indicator components of Terminaliae Belliricae Fructus, which constrains the effective quality evaluation of medicinal material and related products. In this paper, a three-dimensional "content-pharmacokinetics-pharmacology" network strategy was developed to identify the quality markers (Q-markers) of Terminaliae Belliricae Fructus in terms of "measurability", "traceability" and "effectiveness". Chromatographic fingerprint analysis was performed to outline its chemical contour, and identify the differential components of 17 batches of Terminaliae Belliricae Fructus combined with multivariate statistics analysis and UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis. Serum pharmacochemistry analysis was implemented on rats, and 25 prototype components absorbed into the blood were identified. By network pharmacology analysis, a component-disease-target-pathway network was constructed, thus validating the effectiveness of the chemical components of Terminaliae Belliricae Fructus. Afterwards, the above screened candidate components were put into construction of three-dimensional "radar chart". According to the calculated regression area (RA) and coefficient of variation (CV) values, the potential Q-markers was determined, followed by "specificity" evaluation. Ultimately, ellagic acid (EA), chebulagic acid (CHA), gallic acid (GA), chebulinic acid (CA), corilagin (CO) and chebulanin (CH) were specified as the Q-markers of Terminaliae Belliricae Fructus. Owing to high content, good pharmacokinetic property, high pharmacological activities and specificity. The screened Q-markers could offer a scientific foundation for the quality control of Terminaliae Belliricae Fructus, and the proposed strategy is demonstrated to be reliable and feasible for deciphering Q-markers of TCM.

01 Sep 2024·Chemistry & Biodiversity

Recent Insights into the Antimicrobial Properties of Phyllanthus emblica L.: A Comprehensive Review of Wonder Berry

Review

Author: Hossain, Rajib ; Saraiva, Ariana ; Lisboa, Poliana ; Agrawal, Krishn Kumar ; Islam, Muhammad Torequl ; Coutinho, Henrique Douglas Melo ; Neto, Ivo Cavalcante Pita ; Jain, Divya ; Han, Heesup ; Moreira, Pablo ; Murti, Yogesh ; Begum, Mosammat Asia ; Janmeda, Pracheta ; Romão, Bernardo ; Raposo, António

AbstractPhyllanthus emblica L., or Amla, is known for its therapeutic properties and has been used as a medicinal plant. It is rich in vitamin C and other bioactive phytochemicals like polyphenols, gallic acid, chebulagic acid, leutolin, quercetin, etc. Different parts of this plant are used to treat various viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases. This review article summarizes the recent literature relevant to the antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal effects of P. emblica. A variety of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtillus, Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella typhi, and Escherichia, etc.), fungi (Alternaria alternate Botroyodiplodia theobromae, Colletotrichum corcori, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium exquisite, Fusarium solanii, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Colletotrichum gleosparoitis, and Macrophomina phaseolina) and viruses, like Influenza A virus strain H3N2, hepatitis B, Human Immunodeficiency virus type‐1 (HIV‐1), Simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) and type 2 (HSV‐2) have experimented. Different techniques were used based on the way of identification. ‘For example, disc diffusion, dilution methods, sound diffusion, Immuno‐peroxidase monolayer assay, serum HBV and HBsAg assay, enzyme immunoassay, etc. The present review analyzed and summarized the antimicrobial activities of P. emblica and possible mechanisms of action to provide future directions in translating these findings clinically.

01 Sep 2024·Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine

Product development and characterization of a lipid-based Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation: Kalyanaka Ghrita

Article

Author: Singh, Yashika ; Parhate, Saroj Moreshwar ; Sharma, Rajendra Prasad ; Singh, Thakur Rakesh ; Ansari, Amzad Ali

BACKGROUNDKalyanaka Ghrita (KG) is polyherbal oleaginous medicament consisting of extracts from twenty-eight different plants, indicated for management of psychosomatic disorders like Unmada (Schizophrenia), Apasmara (Epilepsy) and numerous other ailments.OBJECTIVETo develop and validate standard manufacturing procedure of KG by following Ayurvedic principles in three batches to ensure process uniformity and standards.MATERIALS AND METHODSThree batches of KG were prepared by adopting principles of Ashtanga Hrudya and Ayurvedic Formulary of India to ensure consistency in manufacturing process. Observations during process such as temperature, duration were recorded. KG was subjected to chief desired characteristics, organoleptic (color, odour, taste, texture, touch), physicochemical (acid value, peroxide value, iodine value, saponification value, loss on drying, refractive index, specific gravity, mineral oil, rancidity test, viscosity) as per pharmacopeial standard. Chromatographic screening and fingerprinting of KG were conducted through GCMS whereas quantification of curcumin and chebulagic acid biomarkers were assessed through HPLC.RESULTSAverage yield of KG was 83.41%, with average intermittent heating duration of 20.35 h subsequently divided into three days. Temperature throughout preparation ranged from 66 °C to 101 °C. KG was pale olive in colour, exhibiting pleasant taste, characteristic smell, and soft texture. Organoleptic and physicochemical characters were comparable for three batches of KG while safety parameters were found within permissible limits.CONCLUSIONPharmaceutical standardization of Kalyanaka Ghrita is necessary for establishing biological and chemical profile of formulations. Present study recommends use of coarse powdered ingredients for optimal yield during pharmaceutical process, and heating up to Madhyama Paka stage calibrated over three days with average temperature of 85 °C. The data obtained from this study may contribute to future research and development activities, serving as a basis for manufacturing standards of KG.

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Indication	Highest Phase	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Influenza A virus infection	Preclinical	CA	Simon Fraser University	24 Jun 2020

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