Glucagon-like peptide 1(Gylden Pharma)

Partaking in regular exercise has vast psychological and physiological benefits. However, factors that promote sedentary lifestyle such as occupational obligations (desk‐based work) or underlying health comorbidities can limit adherence to exercise regimes. Considering the current trends in physical inactivity, development of alternate strategies to replicate or mimic the beneficial adaptations associated with regular exercise may become a highly sought after commodity. A relevant and current example of this is the enormous market demand for glucagon‐like peptide‐1 drugs for the management of obesity and type‐2 diabetes. The goal of this short review is to direct attention toward non‐pharmaceutical strategies and specifically focuses on the topical application of heat stress to passively improve health. The review highlights important heat‐induced adaptations and identifies scope for technological innovations that will allow delivery of heating interventions outside the confinement of laboratory settings.

Testosterone deficiency (TD) is relatively common in aging men, affecting around 2% of the general population. Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) represents the most common medical approach for subjects who are not interested in fathering.

This review summarizes advances in TRT, including approved or non-approved pharmacological options to overcome TD. When possible, a meta-analytic approach was applied to minimize subjective and biased interpretations of the available data.

During the last decade, several new TRT formulations have been introduced on the market, including oral, transdermal, and parenteral formulations. Possible advantages and limitations have been discussed appropriately. Anti-estrogens, including selective estrogen modulators or aromatase inhibitors still represent further possible off-label options. However, long-term side effects on sexual function and bone parameters constitute major limitations. Glucagon-like peptide 1 analogues can be an alternative option in particular for massive obesity-associated TD. Weight loss obtained through lifestyle modifications including diet and physical exercise should be encouraged in all overweight and obese patients. A combination of TRT and lifestyle changes can be considered in those subjects in whom a reversal of the condition cannot be expected in a reasonable time frame.