THZ-531

Mitochondrial stress‐induced mitophagy plays a critical role to maintain cellular homeostasis; however, in cancer cells, this process may also contribute to drug resistance. Our previous work identified CDK12 as a critical regulator of prostate cancer (PCa) cell survival under sustained enzalutamide exposure, though the precise mechanism remains to be elucidated. In this study, we hypothesize that CDK12 plays a key role in mitophagy regulation under mitochondrial stress, potentially modulating PCa cell resistance to enzalutamide, the first‐line clinical medication in PCa therapy. Utilising multiple in vitro PCa cell models, we demonstrate that both CDK12 knockdown and pharmacological inhibition with THZ531 impaired mitophagy following treatment with enzalutamide and mitophagy inducer CCCP. Mechanistically, our finding reveal that CDK12 inhibition disrupts FOXO3‐induced BNIP3 transcription, thereby preventing receptor‐mediated mitophagy and sensitising PCa cells to enzalutamide. This study identifies the CDK12‐FOXO3‐BNIP3 pathway as a novel regulatory mechanism governing mitophagy under mitochondrial stress. Importantly, these results underscore CDK12's role in preserving mitochondrial function and promoting PCa cell survival during enzalutamide treatment. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting the CDK12‐BNIP3‐mitophagy axis in combination with antiandrogen therapies, offering a promising strategy to overcome drug resistance in PCa and improve clinical outcomes.

Gastric cancer (GC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Oxaliplatin (OXA) based therapy plus/minus targeted therapy and immune check point inhibitors is the standard first-line treatment for advanced GC; however, its clinical efficacy is often hindered by the development of drug resistance. Cyclin-dependent kinase 12 (CDK12), a transcriptional regulator linked to DNA repair, plays a crucial role in transcription, cancer progression as well as drug resistance, where its exact role is unclear. In this study, we will investigate the role of CDK12 in GC progression and its potential as a therapeutic target specifically to enhance the efficacy of OXA.

CDK12 expression in GC tissues was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and tissue microarrays (TMAs). A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was conducted to assess the relationship between CDK12 levels and clinical outcomes. The effect of the CDK12 inhibitor combined with OXA was evaluated through in vivo and in vitro models. RNA-sequencing and western blots were used to investigate the molecular mechanisms of CDK12 inhibitor sensitizing OXA.

CDK12 exhibited significant amplification frequency in GC. The Mendelian-randomization analysis revealed a positive causal association between elevated CDK12 expression and an increased risk of GC. Additionally, CDK12 was significantly overexpressed in GC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues, and its high expression was significantly associated with a worse prognosis. The functional assays revealed that combining the CDK12 inhibitor THZ531 with OXA synergistically suppressed GC cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and reduced colony formation in vitro, while substantially inhibiting tumor growth in xenograft models. Mechanistically, CDK12 inhibition disrupted MAPK signaling, leading to enhanced OXA-induced DNA damage and potentiated anti-tumor effects.

Our findings suggest that CDK12 inhibition may represent a promising strategy for overcoming OXA resistance and improving GC treatment outcomes.