This study investigates the unexpected formation of carbon monoxide (CO) during in electrostatic precipitator (ESP) operation in small-scale biomass combustion systems.Using a 15-kW pellet-fired boiler coupled with an ESP (total collecting area: 3 m²), the CO generation was observed up to 30 ppm directly correlated with corona discharge intensity.With maximal energisation, The ESP significantly reduced particle concentrations from an initial 45 mg/Nm³ (equivalent to 1.5 x 10⁷ #/cm³) to 12x10³ #/cm³; NOx concentrations, initially at 178 mg/Nm³, were reduced by 77 %.Chem. anal. of the collected fly ash demonstrated a significant carbon content (38.2 ± 0.5 %), attributed to incomplete combustion characteristics of small-scale boilers.Through systematic mechanistic investigation, the study evidences that ozone mols., produced in corona discharge, interact with carbon-rich surface, triggering a heterogeneous oxidation process that generates CO.The findings provide critical insights into secondary emissions with significant implications for ESP maintenance and design in applications processing carbon-rich particulate matter.The research is particularly significant for small-scale combustion units, where such secondary emissions have not been previously investigated, and suggests potential strategies for mitigating unintended CO formation.

01 Mar 2025·AIP Advances

Exploring swift heavy ion-induced perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and tunnel magnetoresistance in CoFe2O4/MgO/ZnFe2O4 multilayers: X-ray magnetic circular dichroism study

Author: Chae, Keun Hwa ; Garg, Shaffy ; Goyal, Navdeep ; Gautam, Sanjeev ; Charak, Ritika ; Thakur, Pardeep K. ; Kim, Younghak

Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs), consisting of two ferromagnetic electrodes separated by an insulating layer, have been foundational in spintronics. This study expands the traditional MTJ framework by incorporating an antiferromagnetic electrode alongside a ferromagnetic one to elucidate the interplay between perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) and tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR). Specifically, we investigate the relationship among spin-orbital magnetic moments, PMA, and TMR in pristine and Ag-irradiated (200 MeV) thin films of CoFe2O4 (40 nm)/MgO (20 nm)/ZnFe2O4 (40 nm). Angle-dependent soft X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), together with element-specific hysteresis loops at the Fe L-edge, reveals that both the pristine and swift heavy ion (SHI)-multilayer stacks display magnetic anisotropy, characterized by a decreased XMCD intensity from out-of-plane (perpendicular) to in-plane (parallel) geometry. This reduction in the XMCD intensity correlates with spin polarization, establishing a direct relationship with the TMR of the MTJ. Furthermore, the analysis confirms that TMR decreases as the measurement angle decreases. Therefore, this investigation underscores the pivotal role of spin-orbital magnetic moments in influencing the PMA and TMR properties of CoFe2O4/MgO/ZnFe2O4 MTJs.

04 Feb 2025·2025 16th Power Electronics, Drive Systems, and Technologies Conference (PEDSTC)

An Extended Topology for DC-DC Switched Z-Source Converter With Continuous Input Current

Author: Asl, Elias Shokati ; Nozadian, Mohsen Hasan Babayi ; Dehghan, Maziar

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